Preparation and in vitro characterization of carrier erythrocytes for vaccine delivery

Encapsulation of Valproate-Loaded Hydrogel Nanoparticles in Intact Human Erythrocytes: A Novel Nano-cell Composite for Drug Delivery

“…In contrast, the results of other studies have shown that turbulence fragility of the carrier erythrocytes increases significantly in comparison with the normal unloaded cells. 1,3,4,7 From the data in Table 4, no significant changes are evident in three hematological indices of nanoparticles-loaded erythrocytes, as expected from the gentle nature of the loading method used. However, these differences are higher in the case of shamencapsulated and drug-loaded cells.…”

“…1 Although erythrocytes are the most abundant and readily available cells of the human body, they have gained the highest and the most extensive attention among other cellular carriers for time-controlled or targeted delivery of the drugs and other bioactive agents. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In fact, the term "carrier erythrocyte" was first introduced in 1979 to describe the drug-loading capacity of the erythrocytes. 1 There are a series of advantages encouraging the wide spread application of erythrocytes in drug delivery, including, mainly, biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, long life span in circulation, possibility of targeted drug delivery to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs, relatively simple and inert intracellular environment, ease of handling, and so on.…”

Loaded Erythrocyte: A Review Article

“…The life span of resealed erythrocytes depends upon its size, shape, and surface electrical charge as well as the extent of hemoglobin and other cell constituents lost during the loading process. [54] The various methods used to determine in www.wjpr.net The erythrocytic carriers constructed of red blood cells of mice, cattle, pigs, dogs, sheep, goats, and monkeys exhibit a comparable circulation profile with that of normal unloaded erythrocytes. On the other hand, resealed erythrocytes prepared from red blood cells of rabbits, chickens, and rats exhibit relatively poor circulation profile.…”

“…[54] 2) Drug targeting: Ideally, drug delivery should be site specificand target oriented to exhibit maximaltherapeutic index with minimum adverseeffects. Resealed erythrocytes can act asdrug carriers and targeting tools as well.Surface modified erythrocytes are used totarget organs of mononuclear phagocyticsystem/ RES because the change in themembrane is recognized by macrophages.…”

“…Several laboratorytechniques have developed for the encapsulation of allosteric effector of hemoglobin, inositol hexa phosphate, which is effective at oxygen delivery, much more effective than normal erythrocytes. [54,55,70] Future Perspective  A large amount of valuable work is neededso as to utilize the potentials of erythrocytesin passive as well as active targeting of drugs.…”