Preparation and optimization of activated nano-carbon production using physical activation by water steam from agricultural wastes

Nazem, Mohammad Amin; Zare, Mehdi; Shirazian, Saeed

doi:10.1039/c9ra07409k

Cited by 65 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This by-product is normally incinerated or dumped without control, which results in the production of large amounts of waste and pollution [2]. Several researchers have focused on different alternatives for using almond shell wastes based on their potential uses as biomass to produce renewable energy [3]; as a source of organic biopesticides [4], heavy metal adsorbents [5], dye adsorbents [6], growing media [7], the preparation of activated carbons [8] and xylo-oligosaccharides [9], antioxidants [10] or as additives in eco-friendly composites [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

et al. 2020

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Polyester-based biocomposites containing INZEA F2® biopolymer and almond shell powder (ASP) at 10 and 25 wt % contents with and without two different compatibilizers, maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400®, were prepared by melt blending in an extruder, followed by injection molding. The effect of fine (125–250 m) and coarse (500–1000 m) milling sizes of ASP was also evaluated. An improvement in elastic modulus was observed with the addition of< both fine and coarse ASP at 25 wt %. The addition of maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400 produced some compatibilizing effect at low filler contents while biocomposites with a higher amount of ASP still presented some gaps at the interface by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Some decrease in thermal stability was shown which was related to the relatively low thermal stability and disintegration of the lignocellulosic filler. The added modifiers provided some enhanced thermal resistance to the final biocomposites. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis suggested the presence of two different polyesters in the polymer matrix, with one of them showing full disintegration after 28 and 90 days for biocomposites containing 25 and 10 wt %, respectively, under composting conditions. The developed biocomposites have been shown to be potential polyester-based matrices for use as compostable materials at high filler contents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

et al. 2020

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“…The production process and operational parameters were proposed based on recent bibliographical data, which reported the obtaining of activated carbons from nutshells, using an inert nitrogen-based atmosphere for the pyrolysis stage and a flow of steam as an activating agent for the activation stage [13]. The parameters and conditions reported by Nazem et al [13] were considered for the conceptual plant design considering a specific area of 1248 m 2 /g for the activated carbon. This report indicates the pyrolysis stage temperature of 600 • C and a residence time of 1 h. For the activation stage, the operational conditions considered were 950 • C for temperature and 1 h for residence time.…”

Section: Production Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are various organic materials that serve as raw materials for obtaining activated coals, such as coconut shells [7], rice shells [8], palm shells [9], peanut shells [10], and nutshells [11], among others [5,6]. Recent studies have shown that physically activating carbon with steam using nutshells as a precursor has presented interesting characteristics for applications in the removal of heavy metals from effluents of polluted waters [12,13]. In this sense, it could be interesting to develop a complete economic evaluation of a nutshell activated carbon production plant, using the parameters and conditions used in the laboratory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Cost Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis for a Production Process of Activated Carbon from Waste Nutshells by Physical Activation

et al. 2020

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A conceptual design of an industrial production plant for activated carbon was developed to process 31.25 tons/day of industrial waste nutshells as the raw material and produce 6.6 ton/day of activated carbon using steam as an activation agent. The design considered the cost of the main equipment, the purchase price of the nutshells, basic services, and operation. A sensitivity analysis was developed, considering the price of the finished product and the volume of raw material processing varied up to ±25%. Furthermore, the total annual cost of the product was determined based on the production of 2100 tons/year of activated carbon. Two cash flows were developed and projected to periods of 10 years and 15 years of production, using a tax rate of 27%, a low discount rate (LDR) of 10% per year, and without external financing. For a 10-year production project, the net present value (NPV) was USD 2,785,624, the internal return rate (IRR) 21%, the return on investment (ROI) 25%, and the discounted payback period (DPP) after the fifth year. Considering a project with 15 years of production, the NPV was USD 4,519,482, the IRR at 23%, the ROI 24%, and the DPP after the fifth year of production.

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“…The boiling of a single bubble in a fluid of water under normal and low gravity was examined and it was concluded that the lifetime of the bubble could be adjusted based on the water temperature 15 . As can be seen, many research works have been done experimentally 16 – 19 and it has seen a number of limitations and difficulties. Therefore, it will be highly valuable to investigate these systems using modeling and simulation methods 20 , 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-bubble EHD behavior into water two-phase flow under electric-field stress and gravitational acceleration using PFM

et al. 2021

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In this study, single-bubble electro-hydrodynamic effects on the two-phase laminar flow of water under electric field stress are investigated using numerical modeling. A 2D axisymmetric model is also developed to study the growth and departure of a single bubble. The phase-field method is applied to track the interphase between liquid and gas. The growth of the attached vapor bubble nucleus to a superheat at 7.0 °C and 8.5 °C are evaluated with 50° and 90° contact angles. The results show that the enhancement of the contact angle changes the velocity and temperature fields around the bubble. It is observed that the growing size and base of the bubble is increased with increasing the wall superheat, but the bubble departure diameter and time are decreased. The electric field results in raising the number of detached bubbles from the superheat at a certain time interval but decreasing the bubbles departure size. Additionally, the formation of stretched bubbles enhances the rate of heat flux and there is a non-linear relationship between the applied voltage and heat flux.

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Preparation and optimization of activated nano-carbon production using physical activation by water steam from agricultural wastes

Abstract: Production of activated nano-carbon from agricultural wastes was studied in this work.

Cited by 65 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

Design, Cost Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis for a Production Process of Activated Carbon from Waste Nutshells by Physical Activation

Single-bubble EHD behavior into water two-phase flow under electric-field stress and gravitational acceleration using PFM

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