Preparation and Properties of Cationic Starch with High Degree of Substitution

Abstract

Using sodium hydroxide as its alkali catalyzer, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride as its quaternary agents, cationic starch with high degree of substitution was made by semi-dry process. The prepared cationic starch contains quaternary ammonium groups by the infrared spectrum analysis. From the scan electron microscope pictures of starch and cationic starch, cationic starch can be clearly seen to have substituted the quaternary ammonium salt groups and the structure of mutual penetration of flexible quaternary ammonium salt groups and rigid starch has formed. The tensile strength of paper improved by cationic starch with high degree of substitution is far more than that by cationic starch with low degree of substitution and poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The scan electron microscope pictures of the surface and fracture of the paper show that the distribution of the paper fiber which added additives are apparently tight and uniform and there are many small fibers obtained on the surface of paper samples. The fibers of the paper sample which added additives have more fracture themselves and have less extraction entirely. It indicates that the force between fibers has been strengthened by cationic starch additive.

Light Microscopy as a Tool to Evaluate the Functionality of Starch in Food

“…A distinguishing feature of cationic starches is the presence of positively charged quaternary ammonium groups in the structure of starch macromolecules. Due to strong electrostatic interactions between cationic starch and cellulose fibres, it is an excellent preparation for improving the quality of paper, mainly its mechanical properties [22,39]. Cationic starches with a degree of substitution up to DS = 0.04 can be manufactured in water suspension.…”

“…To obtain products with higher degrees of substitution, dry or semi dry reaction conditions are required. Starches subjected to such conditions not only change their morphology but also lose their crystal structure [22,39]. The presence of a large number of cationic groups improves dissolution of starch (Figure 12C,D).…”

Preparation and Optimization of Water-Soluble Cationic Sago Starch with a High Degree of Substitution Using Response Surface Methodology

“…In addition, studies on the application of cationic starch in drug delivery, are also in progress [13][14][15]. Many research papers and even patents according to Hebeish et al [8], Jelkmann et al [14], Putro et al [15], Khalil and Aly [16], Siau et al [17], Heinze et al [18], Bratskaya et al [19], Kuo and Lai [20], Liu et al [21], and Cheng et al [22] have been published on the preparation, manufacturing, and application of cationic starch. Among the cationic starch preparation, the interest on cationic starch with a high degree of substitution (DS) is increasing owing to the promising candidate as improvise additive or other wide application.…”

Quantitative analysis of degree of substitution/molar substitution of etherified polysaccharide derivatives

“…For example, acetylated oxidised starch is one obtained by dual chemical modification [ 152 ]. Assessment of the effectiveness of oxidation and acetylation was based on the increase in the contents of carboxyl groups and carbonyl groups [ 153 ] and acetyl groups [ 154 ] in starch. Beyond that, there are several composite modified polysaccharides, such as acetylation in hydroxypropyl chitosan [ 155 ], hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [ 156–160 ].…”