Preparation and Properties of Submicrometer‐Sized LLM‐105 via Spray‐Crystallization Method

Abstract

Submicrometer-sized 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) crystals were prepared by spraycrystallization method with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ultra-pure water with surfactant as the solvent and anti solvent, respectively. Submicrometer-sized LLM-105 particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analysis. The thermal stability and sensitivity properties of submicrometersized LLM-105 were also investigated. The results revealed that the submicrometer-sized LLM-105 particles are sphere-like in morphology with a narrow particle size distribution at the range of 100-600 nm. The submicrometer-sized LLM-105 has a lower exothermic peak at about 343.7 8C compared with the synthesized material. Sensitivity tests showed that submicrometer-sized LLM-105 is more insensitive under impact stimulus with a drop height (H 50 ) of 102 cm. The submicrometer-sized LLM-105-based PBX is more sensitive for short impulse shock wave that can be initiated at lower initiation current.

Facile Fabrication of Nanoparticles Stacked 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide (LLM‐105) Sub‐microspheres via Electrospray Deposition

“…The results show that the Xray diffraction peaks of sub-microspheres are in accordance with the raw materials, verifying the same crystal phase of sub-microsphere and raw material. However, in comparison to raw LLM-105 and reported sub-micrometer LLM-105 [18] the X-ray diffraction peaks of sub-microsphere revealed lower intensity and broader width. This may be attributed to the crystal imperfections due to the rapid evaporation crystallization of electrospray process and/or nano-size particle in sub-microsphere.…”

“…Recently, benefiting from the development of nanotechnology, a variety of nano-explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) [8,9], HMX [10,11], 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) [12,13], 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazawurt-zitane (CL-20) [14,15] and TATB [16,17] have been successfully prepared by various approaches. With respect to LLM-105, Zhang et al [18] utilized a spray-crystalline method to prepare submicron size LLM-105. An et al [19] fabricated LLM-105 based nanocomposite with a size ranging from 1 to 10 mm via spray drying.…”

Preparation of Nano‐DAAF Explosive with Improved Initiation Sensitivity

“…The initiation threshold, expressed as initiation voltage or initiation current of the capacitor discharge unit, flyer velocity was used to judge the initiation ability of nano-DAAF. The detailed experimental process was described in the literature [19,21].…”

“…J. Wang reported on twin-fluid nozzle assisted precipitation (PTFN-P) to prepare nano-crystalline HNS with a crystal size of 120 AE 30 nm to reduce the sensitivity [17,18]. Zhang prepared sub-micrometer-sized 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) crystals by spray crystallization method, and it is more insensitive than microparticle, under impact stimulus with a drop height (H 50 ) of 102 cm and short impulse shock wave [19]. D. Richardson investigated the sensitivity of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) to fly- er plate impact over a wide range of specific surface area (SSA).…”

The Preparation and Properties of Submicrometer‐Sized N‐Amino‐2,4‐dinitroimidazole (ADNI): A Novel and Promising Initiating Explosive for Applications in Short Pulse Initiation Slapper Detonators

“…Benzo‐trioxide furazan (BTF) is a zero‐oxygen and hydrogen‐free explosive that has a similar detonation energy as cyclotetramethylene (HMX), but its high sensitivity (impact and friction sensitivity are 100%) limits its application as a detonating explosive . Coarse particles of LLM‐105 are difficult to detonate via a slapper detonator; the 50% initiation currents and voltages of sub‐micrometer LLM‐105 are 3.11 kA and 4.41 kV, respectively . Therefore, there is still a contradiction between the energy and the detonation sensitivity of the initiating explosive used for impact detonators.…”