Preparation, Characterization, and <i>In Vitro</i> Hemocompatibility of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Chitosan/Carboxymethylcellulose as Hemodialysis Membrane

Abstract

This study aims to examine the manufacture, characterization, and in vitro hemocompatibility of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (CS/CMC-GA) as a hemodialysis membrane. The CS/CMC-GA membrane was prepared using the phase inversion method with 1.5% CS and 0.1% CMC. The chitosan was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde in various monomers ratios, and the membranes formed were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. Furthermore, the hydrophilicity, swelling, porosity, mechanical strength, and dialysis performance of the membranes against urea and creatinine were systematically examined, and their in-vitro hemocompatibility tests were also conducted. The results showed that the CS/CMC-GA membranes have higher hydrophilicity, swelling, porosity, mechanical strength, and better dialysis performance against urea and creatinine than chitosan without modification. In addition, the hemocompatibility test indicated that the CS/CMC-GA membranes have lower values of protein adsorption, thrombocyte attachment, hemolysis ratio, and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) than that of pristine chitosan. Based on these results, the CC/CMC-GA membranes have better hemocompatibility and the potential to be used as hemodialysis membranes.

Quality Improvement of Pea Protein Isolate‐Based Film: Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Film

“…As shown in Table 2 , by comparing the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of Chitosan/CMC, [ 56 ] Gelatin/CMC, [ 57 ] and FePc(COOH) 8 /CMC [ 58 ] composite films, it was found that the water resistance of PPI/CMC composite film was significantly improved among the composite material crosslinked by organic matter and CMC, which greatly avoided the disadvantages of easy moisture absorption and adhesion of the film as food packaging materials, and greatly reduced the application restrictions. Meanwhile, the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of PPI/CMC composite film was almost the same as that of inorganic matter/CMC composite film, but in terms of edibility, the composite film had great advantages.…”

Improvement of Selectivity and Antifouling Properties of Chitosan-modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membrane for Protein Filtration

“…The hydroxyl (−OH) and amine (−NH2) groups within chitosan confer hydrophilic and facilitate convenient chemical modifications (Lusiana et al, 2020). Chitosan has been widely used as a filler to improve the hydrophilicity of various membrane materials (Lusiana et al, 2020;Khabibi et al, 2021). In the context of PVDF, the introduction of modified chitosan has found utility in diverse arenas, for example, including removing direct blue 14 dye (Hassanzadeh et al, 2021), separation of Cr(IV) ions (Pishnamazi et al, 2020), and removing volatile harmful organic compounds from water (Al-Gharabli et al, 2023).…”

Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review

“…Khabibi et al [ 81 ] successfully synthesized CS/CMCNa-based hydrogel with GA as a crosslinking agent. This CS/CMCNa-based hydrogel has a higher swelling ability.…”