Preparation for Quarantine on the Cruise Ship Diamond Princess in Japan due to COVID-19

Yamahata, Yoshihiro; Sato, Ayako

doi:10.2196/18821

Cited by 40 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As for SARS and MERS, and now documented for patients with COVID-19, some patients have been shown to harbor the virus in a relatively asymptomatic state. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] This may especially be true for infected children. 22,26 It is of further concern when applicable to health care workers.…”

Section: Epidemiological Aspects Bearing Relevance To Enteric Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID‐19

Cimolai

2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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Coronaviruses have long been studied in both human and veterinary fields. Whereas the initial detection of endemic human respiratory coronaviruses was problematic, detection of these and newly discovered human coronaviruses has been greatly facilitated with major advances in the laboratory. Nevertheless, technological factors can affect the accuracy and timeliness of virus detection. Many human coronaviruses can be variably found in stool samples. All human coronaviruses have been variably associated with symptoms of gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses can occasionally be cultured from enteric specimens, but most detection is accomplished with genetic amplification technologies. Excretion of viral RNA in stool can extend for a prolonged period. Culture‐positive stool samples have been found to exceed a fourteen day period after onset of infection for some coronaviruses. Virus can also sometimes be cultured from patients' respiratory samples during the late incubation period. Relatively asymptomatic patients may excrete virus. Both viable and nonviable virus can be found in the immediate environment of the patient, the health care worker, and less often the public. These lessons from the past study of animal and human coronaviruses can be extended to presumptions for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Already, the early reports from the coronavirus disease‐2019 pandemic are confirming some concerns. These data have the cumulative potential to cause us to rethink some current and common public health and infection control strategies.

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Section: Epidemiological Aspects Bearing Relevance To Enteric Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID‐19

Cimolai

2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…35 Patients with COVID-19 may become infected and then shed virus in a relatively asymptomatic state or presymptomatic state. 16,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Viral RNA appears to be shed for a longer period in the symptomatic state, and higher loads are correlated with disease severity. 18,52 These issues are further complicated by the potential for prolonged or atypical virus shedding in some patients with complex underlying comorbidities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates

Cimolai

2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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Pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) gives ample reason to generally review coronavirus (CoV) containment. For establishing some preliminary views on decontamination and disinfection, surrogate CoVs have commonly been assessed. This review serves to examine the existing science in regard to CoV containment generically and then to translate these findings into timely applications for COVID-19. There is widespread dissemination of CoVs in the immediate patient environment, and CoVs can potentially be spread via respiratory secretions, urine, and stool. Interpretations of the spread however must consider whether studies examine for viral RNA, virus viability by culture, or both. Presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and post-14 day virus excretion from patients may complicate the epidemiology. Whereas droplet spread is accepted, there continues to be controversy over the extent of possible airborne spread and especially now for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). CoVs are stable in body secretions and sewage at reduced temperatures. In addition to temperature, dryness or relative humidity, initial viral burden, concomitant presence of bioburden, and the type of surface can all affect stability. Generalizing, CoVs can be susceptible to radiation, temperature extremes, pH extremes, peroxides, halogens, aldehydes, many solvents, and several alcohols. Whereas detergent surfactants can have some direct activity, these agents are better used as complements to a complex disinfectant solution. Disinfectants with multiple agents and adverse pH are more likely to be best active at higher water temperatures. Real-life assessments should be encouraged with working dilutions. The use of decontamination and disinfection should be balanced with considerations of patient and caregiver safety. Processes should also be balanced with considerations for other potential pathogens that must be targeted. Given some CoV differences and given that surrogate testing provides experimental correlates at best, direct assessments with SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 are required.

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“…Health observations conducted outside of traditional hospital settings can be difficult. In one example, patients on a large cruise ship were confirmed to have COVID-19 [ 16 - 19 ]. After quarantine, the remainder of the passengers with negative PCR tests disembarked [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Observation App for COVID-19 Symptom Tracking Integrated With Personal Health Records: Proof of Concept and Practical Use Study

Yamamoto¹,

Takahashi²,

Urasaki³

et al. 2020

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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Background As a counter-cluster measure to prevent the spread of the infectious novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an efficient system for health observation outside the hospital is urgently required. Personal health records (PHRs) are suitable for the daily management of physical conditions. Importantly, there are no major differences between the items collected by daily health observation via PHR and the observation of items related to COVID-19. Until now, observations related to COVID-19 have been performed exclusively based on disease-specific items. Therefore, we hypothesize that PHRs would be suitable as a symptom-tracking tool for COVID-19. To this end, we integrated health observation items specific to COVID-19 with an existing PHR-based app. Objective This study is conducted as a proof-of-concept study in a real-world setting to develop a PHR-based COVID-19 symptom-tracking app and to demonstrate the practical use of health observations for COVID-19 using a smartphone or tablet app integrated with PHRs. Methods We applied the PHR-based health observation app within an active epidemiological investigation conducted by Wakayama City Public Health Center. At the public health center, a list is made of individuals who have been in close contact with known infected cases (health observers). Email addresses are used by the app when a health observer sends data to the public health center. Each health observer downloads the app and installs it on their smartphone. Self-observed health data are entered daily into the app. These data are then sent via the app by email at a designated time. Localized epidemiological officers can visualize the collected data using a spreadsheet macro and, thus, monitor the health condition of all health observers. Results We used the app as part of an active epidemiological investigation executed at a public health center. During the investigation, 72 close contacts were discovered. Among them, 57 had adopted the use of the health observation app. Before the introduction of the app, all health observers would have been interviewed by telephone, a slow process that took four epidemiological officers more than 2 hours. After the introduction of the app, a single epidemiological officer can carry out health observations. The app was distributed for free beginning in early March, and by mid-May, it had been used by more than 20,280 users and 400 facilities and organizations across Japan. Currently, health observation of COVID-19 is socially recognized and has become one of the requirements for resuming social activities. Conclusions Health observation by PHRs for the purpose of improving health management can also be effectively applied as a measure against large-scale infectious diseases. Individual habits of improving awareness of personal health and the use of PHRs for daily health management are powerful armaments against the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Ultimately, similar actions may help to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

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Preparation for Quarantine on the Cruise Ship Diamond Princess in Japan due to COVID-19

Cited by 40 publications

References 9 publications

Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID‐19

Features of enteric disease from human coronaviruses: Implications for COVID‐19

Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates

Health Observation App for COVID-19 Symptom Tracking Integrated With Personal Health Records: Proof of Concept and Practical Use Study

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