Preparation of a new composite by reaction of SnBu₃Cl with TiCl₄ in the presence of NH₄OHphotocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine

Abstract

Reactions of SnBu 3 Cl, TiCl 4 and NH 4 OH in ethanol followed by pyrolysis of the resultant product at 550• C, either in an atmosphere of oxygen or hydrogen, yielding new SnO 2 -TiO 2 based composites. In all, eight products were prepared with weight ratios of Sn-TiO 2 of 0% (1), 5% (2), 15% (3) and 30% (4) in O 2 and 0% (5), 5% (6), 15% (7) and 30% (8) in H 2 . XRD revealed diffraction patterns of TiO 2 (anatase) in the composites, but not those of SnO 2 due to its insufficient crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of Sn metal on the surface of composites 6-8. 119 Sn Mössbauer experiments revealed SnO 2 in all samples, and increasing amounts of tin in samples 7 and 8, respectively. The composites were used in experiments of photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye. The catalytic experiments monitored by mass spectrometry and electronic spectroscopy revealed that, in the conditions of the experiments, composite 8 displays the highest activity. In addition, degradation products were characterised using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS) data.

Ozonation of the food dye Brilliant Blue in aqueous medium: monitoring and characterization of products by direct infusion electrospray ionization coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry

“…A complex mixture is usually obtained and the mineralization rates, as measured by the reduction of the total organic carbon content, are generally low . The identification of such by‐products is usually complicated and cumbersome, requiring the application of sophisticated instrumental methods . Hence, to achieve this task, electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (ESI–HRMS) has become the method of choice.…”

“…[13][14][15][16][17] The identification of such by-products is usually complicated and cumbersome, requiring the application of sophisticated instrumental methods. [18][19][20] Hence, to achieve this task, electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) has become the method of choice. The superior resolving power of HRMS, which enables accurate mass determination of a given species, can be used to establish the molecular formulae of unknown compounds.…”

Discarded Carbon-Zinc Batteries as Source of an Efficient Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalyst Employed to Degrade Organic Molecules in an Aqueous Medium

“…ESI-MS is a reactions. Because of that, ESI-MS has been successfully applied to monitor an increasing number of environmental processes [19]. Figure 4 shows the mass spectra of aliquots collected after 0 and 120 min of exposure of an aqueous solution of Indigo Carmine to the CBR/H 2 O 2 system.…”

“…Based on these results as well as on the well-known reactivity of hydroxyl radical towards organic molecules in aqueous medium, a route for the degradation of Indigo Carmine by the CBR/H 2 O 2 system could thus be proposed, as outlined in Figure 5. The formation of by-products 2 and 3 arising from the oxidation and desulfonation of Indigo Carmine, respectively, has been reported in the literature [19] [20] [21]. It is important to state that in both pathways the determinant participation of hydroxyl radicals is noticeable.…”

Comparative study of acid yellow 119 adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from lemon wood and ZnO nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon

“…Among all the technologies for cleaning coloured effluents, adsorption has attracted great interest during recent decades because of its unique features like low cost, simple operation and use of low‐toxicity adsorbents for removal of various dyes including azo yellow 199 from effluents . Activated carbons (ACs) are good‐adsorption‐capacity materials with reasonable porosity and surface areas which in addition to the presence of various reactive functional groups are applicable for direct accumulation of pollutants, and also are a good selection as supports for loading with diverse nanoparticles .…”