Preparation of a novel biobased flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen and its performance on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Pan, Haifeng; Qian, Xiaodong; Ma, Liyan; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan; Liew, K.M.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.020

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 13 C and 31 P (NMR): These tests were carried out in a Bruker Ascend NMR 400 MHz instrument at 25°C. All samples were dissolved in D 2 O at a ratio of 10 mg/cm 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Zuluaga-Parra¹,

Ramos-deValle²,

Sanchez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The cellulose and starch present in the avocado seed can be chemically modified to obtain biofillers with fire retarding characteristics. The resulting composites could be used as substitute of the corresponding halogenated composites. For this, the avocado seed was first washed, dehydrated and pulverized, and thereafter, chemically modified with phosphoric acid in the presence of urea. This was studied using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in order to determine the resulting chemical structure and confirm the presence of the proposed functional groups. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were used, respectively, to establish the resulting morphological changes, as well as the elements present on the surface of the modified material. Thermogravimetric analysis was also carried out in order to establish the thermal stability of the material and predict the effect on the flame retardancy due to the mentioned chemical modification. Further tests established that the obtained modified structure and morphology of the avocado seed was highly dependent on the method used to dehydrate the pulverized avocado seed. It was also determined that chemical modification greatly increased the thermal stability of the avocado seed in air atmosphere. The flame-retardant effect of the modified avocado seed was assessed in polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PE/EVA) composites via cone calorimeter tests. These results showed that the modified avocado seed decreased the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) by 50% and the total heat released (THR) by 15%. This phosphated avocado seed could be a good option as a renewable biofiller for polymer composites with enhanced flame-retardant properties.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Zuluaga-Parra¹,

Ramos-deValle²,

Sanchez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…The LOI results were collected on the oxygen index instrument (5801A) produced by VOUCH in China. The sheet dimensions of sample was 120 × 60 × 1 mm 3 forming amorphous structure. While the Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 -g was ornamented by HCCP, the intensity of the peaks was weakened significantly and part peaks were disappeared, implying that structureless HCCP accumulated on the surface of Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 -g.…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 It has been widely used in various industries such as textiles, building decoration, petrochemicals, papermaking, medicine and agriculture due to its excellent film-forming properties, good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and strong adhesion. 2,3 However, PVA has a low limit oxygen index (LOI) value of only 18% and is extremely flammable, which severely limits its application. 4 Therefore, it is of great significance to reduce its inflammability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Therefore, it is of great significance to reduce its inflammability. 3 In the last few decades, many researchers have tried all kinds of ways to make PVA less flammable. The most common method is to incorporate flame retardant additives into PVA to enhance its flame resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results indicated that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) for the PVA composite (containing 10 wt% MPP and 1 wt % graphene) decreased by 60%, compared with neat PVA. Pan et al 3 synthesized a biodegradable type flame retardants (PCA) based on phosphorylated cellulose and ammonium hydroxide and utilized it to improve the flame retardancy of PVA. The UL-94 and LOI measurement revealed that the PVA/PCA composite achieved the UL-94 V-0 classification and possessed the LOI value of 30%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant based on Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its performance in polyvinyl alcohol

Zhang

Meng

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To optimize the poor thermal stability and flammable of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a novel environmental-friendly organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 @HCCP was successfully designed and synthesized via surface treatment technology and used to advance the flame retardancy of PVA. The thermogravimetric analysis implied that Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 @HCCP can enhance significantly the thermal stability and char forming ability of PVA. Combustion results demonstrate that Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 @HCCP could effectively suppress the melt dripping of PVA in the process of combustion. The presence of Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 @HCCP can sharply reduce peak heat release rate and the total heat release up to 75% and 22.9%, respectively, in the microscale combustion calorimeter measurement. The results manifested that Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 @HCCP could endow PVA with superior flame retardancy. Moreover, char residues analysis explained the flame retardant mechanism in condensed and gas phase, which is mainly attributed to the strong catalytic char formation, free radical trapping, and gas barrier effect. Therefore, the green flame retardant has great applications prospect in fire safety.

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Phosphorylated avocado seed: A renewable biomaterial for preparing a flame retardant biofiller

Zuluaga‐Parra¹,

Ramos-deValle²,

Sánchez-Valdés³

et al. 2021

Fire and Materials

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Avocado seed was first washed, dehydrated, and pulverized, and thereafter, chemically modified with phosphoric acid in the presence of urea, to obtain a low density and sustainable fire retarding filler. Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used in order to determine the resulting chemical structure and confirm the presence of the proposed functional groups. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were used to establish the resulting morphological changes, as well as the elements present on the modified material. Thermogravimetric analysis was also carried out in order to establish the thermal stability of the material and predict the effect on the flame retardancy due to the mentioned chemical modification. It was also determined that chemical modification greatly increased the thermal stability of the avocado seed.The flame-retardant effect of the modified avocado seed was assessed in polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PE/EVA) composites via cone calorimeter tests. It was observed by DSC, that the incorporation of avocado seed, does not affect the melting temperature of the PE/EVA polymer blend. The results showed that the modified avocado seed decreased the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) by 54% and the total heat released (THR) by 15%. The UL-94 and LOI tests of the modified avocado biocomposites showed an improvement in the flame retardant properties, and reached a UL-94 V-1 classification. Tensile tests showed that the bio-composites with unmodified and modified avocado seed exhibit similar tensile strength and modulus than the LDPE/EVA blend, but a lower elongation. These results suggest that phosphorylated avocado seed could be a good option as a renewable biofiller for polymer composites with enhanced flame-retardant properties.

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Preparation of a novel biobased flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen and its performance on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant based on Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its performance in polyvinyl alcohol

Phosphorylated avocado seed: A renewable biomaterial for preparing a flame retardant biofiller

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Preparation of a novel biobased flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen and its performance on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant based on Ca(H2PO4)2 and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its performance in polyvinyl alcohol

Phosphorylated avocado seed: A renewable biomaterial for preparing a flame retardant biofiller

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Synthesis of a novel organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant based on Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and its performance in polyvinyl alcohol