Preparation of a pH‐responsive chitosan‐montmorillonite‐nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots nanocarrier for attenuating doxorubicin limitations in cancer therapy

Abstract

Despite its widespread usage as a chemotherapy drug in cancer treatment, doxorubicin (DOX) has limitations such as short in vivo circulation time, low solubility, and poor permeability. In this regard, a pH-responsive chitosan (CS)-montmorillonite (MMT)-nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) nanocomposite was first developed, loaded with DOX, and then incorporated into a double emulsion to further develop the sustained release. The incorporated NCQDs into the CS-MMT hydrogel exhibited enhanced loading and entrapment efficiencies. The presence of NCQDs nanoparticles in the CS-MMT hydrogel also resulted in an extended pH-responsive release of DOX over a period of 96 h compared to that of CS-MMT-DOX nanocarriers at pH 5.4. Based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, there was a controlled DOX release at pH 5.4, while no diffusion was observed at pH 7.4, indicating fewer side effects. MTT assay showed that the cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded CS-MMT-NCQDs hydrogel nanocomposite was significantly higher than those of free DOX (p < 0.001) and CS-MMT-NCQDs (p < 0.001) on MCF-7 cells. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that a higher

Green Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Bovine Serum Albumin for Linezolid Drug Delivery as Potential Wound Healing Biomaterial: Bio-Synergistic Approach, Antibacterial Activity, and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation

“…These results are in good agreement with the data of XPS. Similar findings were reported by Rahmani et al [ 47 ] and Hu et al [ 15 ] for nitrogen-doped CDs and albumin CDs, respectively.…”

“…A similar result was reported for piperine-loaded BSA/oxidized gum Arabic nanocomposites in which DEE and DLE increased upon increasing the concentration of piperine [ 24 ]. Moreover, Rahmani et al [ 47 ] prepared pH-responsive doxorubicin-loaded chitosan-montmorillonite-nitrogen-doped CDs for targeted treatment of cancer cells with high entrapment and loading efficiency of 91 and 49%, respectively. Higher ratios of BCDs:LNZ (1:3 and 1:5) were counterproductive, whereas the DEE/DLE declined to 88.1 ± 1.9/19.8 ± 0.36 and 85.3 ± 1.1/18.6 ± 0.47%, respectively.…”

Role of Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Nanocomposites in Advanced Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Free anti-cancer drugs damage health cells which cause harmful side effects [ 9 , 10 ]. Additionally, nanomaterial-based carriers improve the oral bioavailability and solubility of the chemotherapeutic agents and lessen the required administrated doses of drugs [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Another merit of nano delivery systems is their ability to decrease drug resistance, which could be employed to treat resistant cancers by utilizing co-delivery systems [ 15 ].…”

Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Nanosheets and Their Derivatives for Diagnosis and Detection Applications

“…Nanotechnology has allowed advances in monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and proposing effective treatments [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In this sense, biosensors based on nanomaterials have accurate detection, efficient monitoring, and fast but reliable imaging [ 17 , 18 ].…”