Preparation of a sugar catalyst and its use for highly efficient production of biodiesel

Zong, Min‐Hua; Duan, Zhiguang; Lou, Wen‐Yong; Smith, Thomas J.; Wu, Hong

doi:10.1039/b615447f

Cited by 361 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…HC-SO 3 H showed high catalytic performance in the first use, with yields of 46% after 1 h and 75% after 4 h. Initial TOF (mmol converted per mmol of catalyst per second) was calculated using conversion after 1 h and considering the total sulfur content (by elemental analysis) as SO 3 H groups. The TOF value (17.4 × 10 −3 s −1 , Table 2) is higher than values reported for sulfonated carbons in analogue reactions, (e. g. 1.6 × 10 −3 s −1 with sulfonated mesoporous carbon [15] or 5.4 × 10 −3 s −1 with sulfonated incompletely carbonized glucose [11] in esterification of oleic acid with methanol, Table 2) and similar to values obtained in esterification of lower acids (16.7 × 10 −3 s −1 with sulfonated partially carbonized cellulose in esterification of acetic acid with ethanol [13], Table 2). However, a significant drop in the catalytic activity upon reuse was observed (Table 3).…”

Section: Catalytic Activitymentioning

confidence: 50%

“…The deactivation behavior of sulfonated carbons has been described with different degree of detail in some cases [12,15,18,33], and also with other solid sulfonic acids [36]. On the contrary, some authors describe a complete stability of the sulfonated carbons in the same type of reactions [10,11]. Degradation of the catalyst might be due to a prolonged period of stirring under reaction conditions, and in a second test the reaction was stopped after only 6 h, reaching nearly 90% yield.…”

Section: Catalytic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, sulfonated carbons obtained by partial carbonisation of glucose or cellulose have been used as catalysts for esterification reactions [9][10][11][12][13], as well as monoliths prepared by one-pot synthesis in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid [14]. Sulfonated mesoporous carbon was obtained by replication of SBA-15 pores through carbonisation of sucrose, leading to highly active solids [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Fraile

García‐Bordejé

Roldán

2012

Journal of Catalysis

104

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Sulfonated hydrothermal carbons show high activity for esterification of palmitic acid with alcohols. However, the catalyst is significantly deactivated upon recovery. Leaching of sulfonated species does not account for this deactivation, which is observed even by pretreatment only with the alcohol under reflux. Solid state NMR shows the presence of chemically bound alkyl groups coming from the alcohol, clearly different from strongly physisorbed species obtained by pretreatment at room temperature. The formation of sulfonate esters accounts for the deactivation behavior in reactions taking place in alcohols as solvents, mainly with methanol due to its higher reactivity.

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Section: Catalytic Activitymentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Catalytic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Fraile

García‐Bordejé

Roldán

2012

Journal of Catalysis

104

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“…The activity was higher and more stable than naphthalene sulfonic acid [3]. Stability of the sugar based catalyst over multiple uses was confirmed [7]. Also, it was shows that the biobased catalyst had better performance than other solid acid catalysts [8].…”

Section: I-1biobased Catalyst From Glucose and Sucrosementioning

confidence: 63%

A Single Bio-based Catalyst for Bio-fuel and Bio-diesel

Emrani¹,

Shahbazi²

2012

J Biotechnol Biomaterial

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Current homogeneous catalysts used for commercial biodiesel synthesis are toxic and flammable. For Feedstock, their reaction requires refined oil which is a human food and expensive. In addition, due to contamination, the main byproduct of their reaction, glycerol is not usable for sale as a high value product and is land filled or burned as waste. Furthermore, the use of these catalysts in conversion of low cost feed-stocks such as waste oil and greases is not economical because their reactions produce soaps and clean up of the soap imposes additional processing cost to the biodiesel synthesis process. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts under development for biodiesel synthesis are either derived from non-renewable resources, or have problems with toxicity or stability. The solid heterogeneous bio-based catalysts are based on renewable resources, non-toxic, stable, effective, and low cost and are expected to work well for conversion of low cost feed-stocks such as waste oil and grease such as yellow, brown and black grease. In addition to catalyzing biodiesel synthesis, biobased catalysts can convert cellulosic agricultural waste to biofuel via saccarification followed by fermentation. Due to the abundance of cellulosic biomass in the nature, this reaction has great significance as it will affect the availability of not only biofuel from the fermentation of glucose, but also the availability of all organic chemicals and even hydrogen fuel from biomass. Because the catalytic active site in these catalysts are chemically bound, in contrast to other similar catalysts such as naphthalene sulfonic acid, the catalytic active sites of biobased catalysts will not break down, or leach. As a result, both the biodiesel and the glycerol by product will be free of catalyst contaminants. This allows the biodiesel to be safely burned and the glycerol byproduct to be sold as value-added commodity for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.

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“…Normally, relatively expensive carbohydratebased biomass has been used as raw material for producing solid acid catalysts. 15,[17][18][19] In 4 contrast, economically a more attractive approach would be to use by-product alkali lignin for this purpose. However, at present only limited literature data are available on the production of lignin-based solid catalysts and their applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave-Assisted Esterification of Tall Oil Fatty Acids with Methanol Using Lignin-Based Solid Catalyst

Kumar

Alén

2016

Energy Fuels

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During alkaline pulping significant amounts of lignin, carbohydrates (mostly hemicelluloses), and extractives (tall oil soap and turpentine) are removed from wood feedstock. In this study, the catalytic esterification of fatty acids in tall oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters under microwave irradiation was performed at 100 °C for 10-60 min. A novel heterogeneous acid catalyst tested for this purpose was synthesized from the hardwood alkali lignin that was precipitated by acidification from the black liquor from soda-AQ pulping. The comparative reaction data were obtained by using other solid catalysts, Amberlyst 15 and ptoluenesulfonic acid. The results showed the highest esterification yields 93, 88, and 80 % with the p-toluenesulfonic acid, lignin-based, and Amberlyst 15 catalysts, respectively, at 100 °C with a reaction time of 60 min and the corresponding yield without catalyst was 20 %. It was also observed that the lignin-based catalyst could be easily recovered and reused without any notable deactivation.

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Preparation of a sugar catalyst and its use for highly efficient production of biodiesel

Cited by 361 publications

References 35 publications

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

A Single Bio-based Catalyst for Bio-fuel and Bio-diesel

Microwave-Assisted Esterification of Tall Oil Fatty Acids with Methanol Using Lignin-Based Solid Catalyst

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