“…Titanium has been used to precisely monitor the proton energy up to 30-40 MeV using the nat Ti(p,xn) 48 V nuclear reaction [4][5][6]. Thin layers of cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) have been prepared by various methods such as electrodeposition [7][8][9], hydrothermal [10], ion beam-assisted deposition [11], laser chemical vapor deposition [12][13][14], microwave-assisted heating [15], precipitation [16,17], magnetron sputtering [18,19], and sol-gel [20] methods. CeO 2 has salient characteristics such as oxygen buffer layers, high dielectric constant, and distinctive photocatalytic and optical properties, which allows its diverse applications in direct methanol fuel cells [21][22][23], direct alcohol fuel cells [24], proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells [25,26], solid oxide fuel cells [27], and solar cells [28], humidity and chemical sensors [29][30][31], dye-degradation [32], and sunscreen cosmetics [33].…”