Preparation of carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel from sago waste by electron beam irradiation and swelling behavior in water and various pH media

Abstract

Solutions of carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) of various degree of substitution were irradiated with electron beam of various radiation doses. The gelation dose (D g ) and p o /q o ratio (p o is degradation density, q o is crosslinking density) is dependent on CMSP concentration and degree of substitution. In the range of concentrations of 10% to 80% (w/v) CMSP with degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the p o /q o ratio decreases with increasing %CMSP showing that crosslinking processes are dominating and increasing the gel network of the CMSP hydrogel. The fourier transform infrared spectra of CMSP hydrogels of degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 with percentage of gel fractions 25, 35, and ! 40 show differences in the intensity of the absorption bands at 1020-1100, 1326, and 1422 cm À1 with different degree of substitutions and percentage of gel fraction (%GF) that correspond to different extents of chain scission and crosslinking. The swelling behavior in water shows that CMSP hydrogels could absorb 3500-5300% of water by 1 g of CMSP hydrogel. The ability to absorb water increases with the decrease of degree of substitution and %GF of the CMSP hydrogels. It is also observed that the optimum pH for swelling CMSP hydrogel is at pH 7.

Optimizing Extraction of Cellulose and Synthesizing Pharmaceutical Grade Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose from Malaysian Sago Pulp

“…Hence, increasing the concentration of NaOH could cause the second reaction to prevailing more than the first. According to Pushpamalar et al [25], increasing NaOH would lead to more glycolate formation. Similar research was done on maize starch where it was concluded DS value would also gradually decline due to the sodium glycolate formation in the synthesis of CMC and polymer degradation would also occur due to the high concentration of NaOH [61].…”

“…The reaction mixture was then cooled and filtered, and the product was suspended in 300 mL of methanol and stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 12 h to remove any undesired impurities. The suspension was then neutralized with glacial acetic acid, and washed three times with 70% (v/v) ethanol and finally with 95% (v/v) ethanol, filtered, and dried at 60˝C till constant weight [25]. Approximately, 5 g of synthesized CMSC was then dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water at 80˝C with constant stirring for 10 min.…”

Radiation cross-linked carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogels loaded with ciprofloxacin: Influence of irradiation on gel fraction, entrapped drug and in vitro release

“…1) dose from 10 to 25 kGy, indicating cross-linking predominates over scission and thus gel fraction is proportional to the applied radiation dose (Vijayabaskar et al, 2004;Thenapakiam et al, 2013). The reduction in % GF beyond 25 kGy is possibly due to more scission and oxidative degradation taking place as compared to cross-linking (Pushpamalar et al, 2013b;Thenapakiam et al, 2013). Similarly, gel fraction of 10% CMSP solution increased until 20 kGy and after that started declining at higher radiation doses.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Starch-Based Hydrogel by Using Gamma Radiation Technique

“…Penghasilan biobahan menggunakan teknik radiasi telah mendapat tempat dalam penyelidikan di negara ini. Pushpamalar [6] melaporkan bahawa hidrogel yang dihasilkan melalui taut silang secara radiasi telah digunakan sebagai pembalut luka untuk pesakit di Hospital Navi 411. Justeru, penggunaan sinaran gamma telah dibuktikan selamat digunakan dalam industri perubatan.…”