Preparation of Ginger Oil in Water Nanoemulsion Using Phase Inversion Composition Technique: Effects of Stirring and Water Addition Rates on their Physico-Chemical Properties and Stability

Abstract

Ginger oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsions, were produced using phase inversion composition method and Tween 80, as emulsifier. Effects of processing parameters namely, stirring rate (100 to1000 rpm) and water addition rate (1–10 mL/min) were evaluated on the physico-chemical, morphological, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the prepared O/W nanoemulsions using response surface methodology (RSM). Results indicated that well dispersed and spherical ginger nanodroplets were formed in the nanoemulsions with minimum particle size (8.80 nm) and polydispersity index (PDI, 0.285) and maximum zeta potential value (−9.15 mV), using stirring rate and water addition rate of 736 rpm and 8.18 mL/min, respectively. Insignificant differences between predicted and experimental values of the response variables, indicated suitability of fitted models using RSM. Mean particle size of the prepared nanoemulsion using optimum conditions were changed from 8.81 ± 1 to 9.80 ± 1 nm, during 4 weeks of storage, which revealed high stability of the resulted ginger O/W nanoemulsion. High antioxidant activity (55.4%), bactericidal (against Streptococcus mutans) and fungicidal (against Aspergillus niger) activities of the prepared nanoemulsion could be related to the presence of gingerols and shogaols, a group of phenolic alkanones, in the ginger oil, which those were detected by gas chromatography method.

Garlic and ginger essential oil-based neomycin nano-emulsions as effective and accelerated treatment for skin wounds’ healing and inflammation: In-vivo and in-vitro studies

“…The ginger oil, as per literature, typically show characteristic peaks of O—H stretch (broad, strong) and C—H asymmetric stretch around 3000–2900 cm −1 , C O stretch at 1640 cm −1 , 1377 owing to CH 3 bond stretch and asymmetric angular deformation of = CH 2 . In addition to that some smaller peaks around 1250–1100 cm −1 are attributed to = CH 2 of vinyl group ( Divya et al, 2017 , Farshbaf-Sadigh et al, 2021 , Kalhoro et al, 2022 , Visani et al, 2017 ) which is in good agreement with current studies. The intensities of peak appear in the spectra are small considering the lower concentrations of oil and NS used.…”

Zingiber officinale Roscoe Essential Oils‐Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles with Enhanced Bactericidal Efficacy against Burkholderia glumae in Rice

“…Numerous studies have shown that the antioxidant and free radical scavenging action of phenolic compounds (e. g., flavonoids, phenolic acids) found in plant essential oils were primarily determined by the number and positions of the hydrogen‐donating hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of the phenolic molecules. Farshbaf‐Sadigh et al (2021) [28] reported a similar functional group in GEO. Interestingly, as shown in (Figure 4B), the FTIR spectrum of GEO‐CS has overlapped spectrum profiles with the strong band shifting towards a lower wavenumber of 1013 cm −1 for all the nanobactericides, indicating that the GEO was successfully encapsulated into the chitosan nanoparticles and TPP [29] .…”

Phytochemicals Profiling, Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oil Extracted from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Bentong) against Burkholderia glumae Causative Agent of Bacterial Panicle Blight Disease of Rice

“…The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum was recorded from 550–4000 cm −1 , as displayed in Figure 2 b. Plenty of functional groups were detected, such as OH bonds, COC, C-C stretch, C=O stretch, and OH stretch [ 25 ]. Detailed information about the peaks, wavelength, and functional groups was tabulated in Table 2 .…”