Preparation of High‐Density Fuel Through Dimerization of β‐Pinene

Abstract

High-density fuel was prepared by catalytic dimerization and subsequent hydrogenation. Different amounts of phosphotungstic acid (H 3 PW 12 O 40 , HPW) were loaded on mesoporous silica (SBA-15) by a simple impregnation method to prepare HPW/ SBA-15 catalysts. The prepared catalysts were mesoporous. Characterizations indicated that the dispersion and the specific surface area depend on the HPW amount. The obtained dimers from catalytic dimerization of b-pinene underwent isomerization and then dimerized to form the heterogeneous products. At the optimum load of HPW, the HPW/SBA-15 catalyst displayed the highest catalytic activity and the increased yield of dimer for a 3-h reaction. After the subsequent hydrogenation reaction, the obtained hydrogenated dimer products displayed a density and a volume calorific value comparable to those of commercial JP-10.

Synthesis and Shape-Selective Catalytic Application of Ordered Cubic Ia3̅d Supermicroporous Materials Templated by Rosin-Derived Quaternary Ammonium Salt with a Hydroxyl Radical in the Headgroup

“…Nitrogen sorption isotherms were measured using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 system (Micromeritics Instrument Corp., U.S.A.) at 77 K by using liquid nitrogen. 27 Al and 29 Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Burker 400 M spectrometer (Bucker AXS Inc., Germany).…”

“…3.10. 27 Al MAS NMR and 29 Si MAS NMR Characterizations. Figure 6A presents the 27 Al MAS NMR spectra of the as-synthesized and calcined ordered aluminosilicates with different Si/Al molar ratios.…”

“…For the sample with the Si/Al ratio of 12.5, due to the high content of Al doping, dealumination becomes more obvious, which may be the reason for the significant decrease in the ordering degree. Figure 6B presents the 29 Si MAS NMR spectra of the calcined silica and aluminosilicate with the Si/Al ratio of 100. The pure silica sample shows Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 peaks at −89.9, −101.4, and −107.3, respectively, and the aluminosilicate sample shows Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 peaks at −89.6, −99.4, and −105.3, respectively, which are caused by the Si(OSi) 4 , Si(OSi) 3 (OH), and Si(OSi) 2 (OH) 2 substructures, respectively.…”

“…The selective catalytic dimerization of pinene is critical for the reaction. Various catalysts have been employed to improve the yield of pinene dimers. − Moreover, due to the complexity of products of this reaction, the activity and selectivity of catalysts can be completely evaluated using this reaction as a benchmark. After Al doping, the obtained H-form aluminosilicates were used as catalysts in the selective dimerization of β-pinene.…”

Light-driven (cross-)dimerization of terpenes as a route to renewable C15 – C30 crudes for fuel and lubricant oil applications

“…21 Indeed, hydrogenated monoterpenes themselves have been reported to have jet fuel properties, 22,23 whilst their hydrogenated C20 dimers can be suitable for diesel-like or other high energy density fuels. [24][25][26][27][28][29] Such reported methods of dimerization of monoterpenes are acid or metal catalyzed thermal reactions. The two monoterpenes α-and β-pinene have also been used in self-photosensitized cycloaddition with biomass-derived cyclic enones, yielding spiro-compounds suitable as jet fuels.…”