Preparation of highly efficient flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin by exerting the fire resistant effect in gaseous and condensed phase simultaneously

Abstract

The unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) were usually applied in electronic equipment, but the intrinsic flammability severely retrained their application. A mono‐component flame retardant poly (piperazine methylphosphonic acid neopentylglycol ester) (PPMPNG) made in our lab was selected and applied to improve their flame retardant performance. The UPR thermosets achieved UL‐94 V‐0 grade during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index was as high as 32.1% when 15 wt% PPMPNG was incorporated. PPMPNG promoted the decomposition and carbonization of UPR materials in advance during heating process, and the residual mass was effectively enhanced at high temperature. The flame retardant mechanism of UPR/PPMPNG thermosets was investigated by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry tests, and the measurement of the morphologies and chemical components of the char residue. The phosphine oxygen radical was generated and then quenched the active free radicals in gas phase. Moreover, the av‐EHC of FR‐UPR was declined from 15.8 MJ kg−1 of pure UPR to 8 9 MJ kg−1 corresponding a reduction of 43.6%, which also verified the flame retardant effect in gas phase. The compact, integrated, and graphitized char layer was produced on materials surface and then exerted excellent barrier effect in condensed phase. Thus, the UPR/PPMPNG composites were conferred superior flame retardant properties.

Advancements in flame-retardant strategies for lithium–sulfur batteries: from mechanisms to materials

“…They will pass through the separator and contact directly, resulting in an internal short circuit. 98 Thus, the ways to realize a flame-retardant effect in the condensed phase are as follows: (1) delaying or preventing the thermal decomposition of flammable materials in the solid phase, reducing or terminating the source of combustible materials. 99 Some flame-retardant materials can accelerate the thermal decomposition of combustible materials and make them melt and drop quickly.…”

Fire-retardant unsaturated polyester thermosets: The state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities

“…Poly(piperazine methylphosphonic acid neopentylglycol ester) (PPMPNG) was synthesised and incorporated into UP at a concentration of 15 wt%, achieving a V-0 rating and LOI of 32.1% [64]. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results showed significant reduction of PHRR from 734.1 kW m − 2 for UP reducing by 60.8% to 287.7 kW m − 2 for the 15 wt % PPMPNG modified UP (at 167 s).…”

“…a) Comparing LOI versus required loading level of UP/P-N FR systems with V-0 rating; b) FRI required loading level of UP/P-N FR systems with V-0 rating FR. The data are collected form the literature: 7.5%DMPY + 7.5% ADP [84], 15PPMPNG [64], 18% PPAP [84], PPISP20 [63], 30% MPP [73], 35% MPP [82]; c) FRI versus required loading level of UP/Mineral FR systems; d) ΔTHR, ΔPHHR, and ΔTTI versus required loading level of UP/Mineral FR systems. The data are collected from the literature: UP-60 ATH-LS (ATH with specific surface area of 4.5 m 2 g − 1 ) [91] , UP-40 ATH-LS [91] , UP-40 ATH-HS (ATH with specific surface area of 300 m 2 g − 1 ) [91] , UP-37 ATH-HS-8% AHP [91] , UP-37 ATH-HS-8% DEPZn [91] , UP-37 ATH-HS-8% RDP [91] , UP-37 ATH-LS-8% AHP [91] , UP-37 ATH-LS-8% DEPZn [91] , UP-37 ATH-LS-8% RDP [91] , UP-35 MDH [92] , UP-45 MDH [92] , UP-55 MDH [92] , UP-5 Alumina [93] , UP-5ATH [93] UP-2.5 Al 2 O 3 -2.5 ATH [93] }, UP-10 Al 2 O 3 [93] UP-10ATH [93], UP-5Al 2 O 3 -5ATH [93] , UP-10 Al 2 O 3 -10ATH [93], UP-5 Al 2 O 3 -5deATH [93], UP-5Silica (fumed silica treated with a methacrylsilane)-5ATH [93].…”

Evaluations of Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide and Pristine Montmorillonite in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Vehicle Components

“…Its low material density is also one of the reasons why UP is highly used in the industry and the automotive [17]. However, UP is highly flammable and produces a lot of smoke when it burns [18] [19]. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic smoke emission from the decomposition of UP which can cause metabolic acidosis and ABSTRACT -One of the safety requirements for the vehicle components is in terms of the flammability factor.…”