Preparation of methyl levulinate from fractionation of direct liquefied bamboo biomass

Stepwise separation of poplar wood in oxalic acid/water and γ-valerolactone/water systems

“…[1][2][3] Lignocellulose biomass is an abundant renewable starting material that is a possible replacement for nonrenewable petroleum resources used in the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels. 4,5 This material is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Biomass is characterized by a cellulose content of $35-50%.…”

Efficient microwave-assisted production of biofuel ethyl levulinate from corn stover in ethanol medium

“…However, as plant material is cheap and readily available, it is more valuable to use lignocellulosic biomass instead of model compounds, such as pure cellulose and glucose, for the production of levulinate esters. In the last few years, wood chips, wheat straw, and bamboo have been catalyzed by sulfuric acid to produce alkyl levulinates with corresponding alcohols at a 22-83 mol% yield [18][19][20][21] . Furfural residues were also used in the EL production at 51 mol% using sulfuric acid and zeolite USY mixed acid system [22] .…”

“…However, owing to the complexity of biomass, it generally takes several hours to reach the reaction equilibrium in the production of levulinate esters [18][19][20][21][22] . Microwave irradiation is an alternative method widely used in organic synthesis that offers considerable advantages, such as shorter reaction times and higher Scheme 1.…”

Efficient one-pot synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from carbohydrates catalyzed by Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3

“…immense potential of biomass utilization for value-added chemicals. In this process, various acid catalytic systems including mineral acids (HCl, H 2 SO 4 ) [11][12][13] , acidic ionic liquids (sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids [14] , double SO 3 H-functionalized ionic liquids [15] ), and solid acids (organic-inorganic hybrid acid [16] , sulfonic resins [17] , metal salts [18] , phosphotungstic acid salts [19] , zeolites [20] , sulfated metal oxides [21] , etc.) were successively examined to improve the conversion of carbohydrates to LA or its esters.…”