Preparation of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres with different functional groups using soap-free emulsion polymerization

Yang, Bicheng; Xu, Lu; Yang, Liancheng; Liu, Baijun; Zhang, Mingyao

doi:10.1007/s00396-021-04830-9

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The extension of polymerization time beyond 6 h won’t change the size of PS sphere obviously. The result indicated that the styrene monomer was polymerizing and increasing the size of the PS spheres during the early stage of the reaction [ 32 ], and 8 h was chosen as the best reaction time for further investigation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polystyrene/Ag for a Highly Reproducible SERS Substrate and Its Use for the Detection of Food Contaminants

Zhang

Guo

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Polystyrene (PS) spheres were prepared through an emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization method, in which the reaction time, ionic strength, concentrations of copolymer were studied in detail. The resulting PS microspheres and Ag nanoparticles were used to construct a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate by a layer-by-layer assembly method. A relatively uniform distribution of PS/Ag in the films was obtained, and the multilayer substrate presented excellent SERS reproducibility and a tunable enhancement effect. The SERS substrate was used for detecting harmful pesticides (malachite green and dimetridazole) in food samples, with a limit of detection as low as 3.5 ppb. The obtained plasmonic composite has a promising future in the field of SERS sensing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polystyrene/Ag for a Highly Reproducible SERS Substrate and Its Use for the Detection of Food Contaminants

Zhang

Guo

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…As the proportion of MLA feed in the total amount decreases, the stretching vibration of C≡N becomes weak. The reason for this is that the C≡N structure converts into C=N during the cyclization reaction in the heat treatment process, and the linear polymer turns into a cyclic polymer as well [26,27]. The stretching vibration peaks at 1718 cm −1 disappear; meanwhile, new broad peaks at 1607 cm −1 emerge in Figure 5b, which belongs to the stretching vibration of C=N (cyclization reaction) conjugated with C=C (dehydrogenation reaction).…”

Section: Ftir and Nmr Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As we know that stabilization is the structural change process that allows the structure to change from a linear structure to a ladder structure, this coincides with the peak intensity changes at around 2θ = 17°. Hence, the peak intensity changes can be used to assess the degree of stabilization according to Figure 9a,b, and SI is presented in the equation below [25,27,28]: 𝑆𝐼 = (𝐼 0 − 𝐼 𝑆 )/𝐼 0 (9) where 𝐼 𝑆 represents the strength of peak at around 2𝜃 = 17° after being heated 200 °C for 30 min, and 𝐼 0 is the peak intensity at around 2𝜃 = 17° of the original P (AN-co-MLA). Based on the results in Table 4, the SI value of the PAN homopolymer is negative because the stabilization has not started.…”

Section: Xrd Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Xrd Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Stabilization of High Molecular Weight Poly (acrylonitrile-co-2-methylenesuccinamic acid) for Carbon Fiber Precursor

Zhang

Dang

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Bifunctional comonomer 2-methylenesuccinamic acid (MLA) was designed and synthesized to prepare acrylonitrile copolymer P (AN-co-MLA) using mixed solvent polymerization as a carbon fiber precursor. The effect of monomer feed ratios on the structure and stabilization were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), proton nuclear magnetic (1H NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the P (AN-co-MLA) copolymers. The results indicated that both the conversion and molecular weight of polymerization reduce gradually when the MLA content is increased in the feed and that bifunctional comonomer MLA possesses a larger reactivity ratio than acrylonitrile (AN). P (AN-co-MLA) shows improved stabilization compared to the PAN homopolymer and poly (acrylonitrile-acrylic acid-methacrylic acid) [P (AN-AA-MA)], showing features such as lower initiation temperature, smaller cyclic activation energy, wider exothermic peak, and a larger stabilization degree, which are due to the ionic cyclization reaction initiated by MLA, confirming that the as-prepared P (AN-co-MLA) is the potential precursor for high-performance carbon fiber.

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“…Polymeric particles are widely used in many fields due to their high specific surface area and feasibility of multiple surface modifications. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Emulsion polymerization is advantageous as an excellent approach for the preparation of polymeric particles because of its relatively high polymerization rate and high molecular weight. 7,8 However, the addition of emulsifiers or surfactants has been proven to be hazardous and ungentle on the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of gel effect and living free radicals in particles: Soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene by using 2,2'‐azobis(isobutyronitrile)

Zhu,

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Batch, in situ seeded and stepwise dosing monomer, and normal seeded soap‐free emulsion polymerizations (SFEP) of styrene were carried out by using the oil‐soluble 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) as initiator. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the experimental results. Typical auto‐accelerative effect in the bulk free‐radical polymerization was also observed in the macro‐kinetics of batch SFEP at 60 and 65°C. Flat‐roof GPC curves appeared at the post‐auto‐acceleration. In addition, in particles exhibited a positive relationship with the size of particles. The bigger size the larger . In the in situ seeded polymerization, the flat‐roof GPC curves of seed turned into the asymmetric Gaussian type exhibiting the great increase of the fraction of larger with the sequential addition of styrene. In addition, the number of seeds was kept constant throughout the polymerization. It indicated that the free radicals were generated and confined in the growing particles. In the normal seeded polymerization, showed a strong dependence on the average assigned amount of St per seed particle. The more monomers per seed particle the larger was gained. Based on these results, it was postulated that the free radicals were living due to the gel effect occurring in particles, namely that the free radicals were segregated by the dry polymer chains. The kinetics model was also given based on the microdroplets theory.

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Preparation of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres with different functional groups using soap-free emulsion polymerization

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polystyrene/Ag for a Highly Reproducible SERS Substrate and Its Use for the Detection of Food Contaminants

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polystyrene/Ag for a Highly Reproducible SERS Substrate and Its Use for the Detection of Food Contaminants

Preparation and Stabilization of High Molecular Weight Poly (acrylonitrile-co-2-methylenesuccinamic acid) for Carbon Fiber Precursor

Evidence of gel effect and living free radicals in particles: Soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene by using 2,2'‐azobis(isobutyronitrile)

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