Preparation of spherical wax matrices of sulfamethoxazole by wet spherical agglomeration technique using a CMSMPR agglomerator

Particle design via spherical agglomeration: A critical review of controlling parameters, rate processes and modelling

“…Combining the inherent advantages of spherical agglomeration with the advantages of continuous operations can significantly improve process efficiency, adaptability and productivity. The first example of continuous spherical agglomeration was the preparation of spherical wax matrices of sulfamethoxazole by Kawashima et al [50]. In their study, the authors focused on understanding the fundamental agglomeration mechanisms in a single-stage continuous mixed suspension, mixed product removal (CMSMPR) crystalliser.…”

“…A CMSMPR operates at a single point in the phase diagram which reduces yield. However, including a solvent recycle stream allows for a yield closer to that of a batch system.Peña and Nagy[56] extended the work of Kawashima et al[50] and Bos and Zuiderweg[57] by using a two-stage CMSMPR system. The two-stage system was a combined crystallisation and agglomeration study.The first stage served as the crystal nucleation and growth dominated stage through the addition of solution and anti-solvent.…”

Process Intensification through Continuous Spherical Crystallization Using a Two-Stage Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR) System

“…10,11 Implementing continuous spherical crystallization (CSC) allows the elimination of downstream particle property enhancing unit operations like milling, grinding and granulation, and promotes the move from batch to continuous operation. CSC of a model drug compound was first carried out by Kawashima et al 10 after Kawashima and Capes 12 realized that resulting products from spherical agglomeration had very good flow properties. In their work, a model continuous mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer consisting of one stage was fed an aqueous suspension.…”

Effects of Scale-Up and Impeller Types on Spherical Agglomeration of Dimethyl Fumarate

“…General guidelines for the selection of an appropriate solvent system and a bridging liquid have been developed for several common compounds and APIs . Moreover, the effects of operating parameters, such as the amount of the bridging liquid (i.e., bridging liquid-to-solid ratio, BSR), ,− the feeding rate, − temperature, , stirring speed, , residence time, ,, solid loading, , and initial particle size, , on spherical crystallization have been well explored in the early studies and briefly reviewed. , Among these parameters, the amount of the bridging liquid and the feeding rate have been demonstrated to be the most critical parameters that influence the size and size distribution of spherical agglomerates. − Furthermore, the effects of initial droplet size of the bridging liquid, feeding position, and flow orientation at the tip of the feed tube on the size of agglomerates have been explored by feeding via a silica tubing in a 500 mL semi-batch curved-bottom vessel . A clear correlation that the size of agglomerates decreases as the capillary size is reduced for a smaller droplet size was found.…”