Preparation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene based solid‐phase microextraction coating for sensitive determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental water samples

Abstract

In this study, a new Ti 3 C 2 T x -coated fiber was synthesized and utilized as coatings for solid-phase microextraction of seven polychlorinated biphenyls. The as-produced multilayered Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was characterized by X-ray diffractometer, thermos-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It is noteworthy that the Ti 3 C 2 T x showed some attractive features including unique 2D layered structures, large surface area, good hydrophilicity, and rich active recognition sites, endowing it has a high affinity towards the target polychlorinated biphenyls. Subsequently, the affecting parameters on the extraction efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, a novel method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples was proposed. The Ti 3 C 2 T x -coated fiberbased solid-phase microextraction method showed good linearity (r 2 > 0.9928), high enrichment factors (268-442), low limits of detection (0.06-0.15 ng/L), and satisfactory repeatability (RSDs < 7.5%) for the polychlorinated biphenyls. The excellent method recoveries were in the range of 90.0-98.4, 92.0-98.2, and 92.0-98.0% for river water, lake water, and tap water samples, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed Ti 3 C 2 T x -coated fiber-based method represents a promising alternative for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls.

Latest Improvements and Expanding Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction

“…Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and Nafion have been employed as binders to prepare SPME coatings. PAN is more preferred to prepare SPME fibers for the enrichment of polar analytes, while PDMS is used for the fabrication of SPME fiber to boost the enrichment efficiencies of nonpolar or weak polar analytes. − Three above-mentioned binders and another binder of poly­(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been combined with commercial active carbons (CAs) separately to obtain four SPME fibers, and the effects of the four binders on the comprehensive performance of SPME fibers have been investigated deeply . The usage of PDMS and PAN leads to the sharp decrease of surface area, indicating that partial pores of CAs are blocked by the PDMS and PAN, while the addition of Nafion and PVDF demonstrates less influence on the surface area.…”

Switchable hydrophilic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four types of sulfonylurea herbicides in soils

“…The single-factor experimental design is a widely used method for optimizing experiments in several studies [34][35]. A single factor experimental design was used to optimize the conditions of the method including the type of extractant, the concentration of the extractant, type of acid, concentration of acid, and pH.…”

Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dairy products by modified QuEChERS/GC‐QqQ‐MS/MS method: A risk assessment study

“…PCB is one of the fat‐soluble substances that remain in the body for a long time (Ahmadkhaniha et al, 2017 ; Ahmadloo et al, 2019 ; Yaminifar et al, 2021 ). Due to their stability and lipophilicity, PCBs preferentially accumulate in adipose tissue and therefore can be hazardous to human health (Lv et al, 2022 ; Pang et al, 2021 ). The main routes of exposure to dioxins and PCBs are the skin, inhalation, and gastrointestinal tract in humans, and 90% of human exposure is through the gastrointestinal tract.…”