“…Inverted OPV cells can overcome this degradation problem. The electron transport layer (ETL) of the inverted OPV cell uses ZnO [8,9], TiO x [10,11], or Al 2 O 3 thin films [12,13]. ZnO thin films have emerged as an excellent candidate for the ETL in the inverted OPV cells due to their particular features of high electron mobility, good environmental stability, high optical transmittance in the visible range [14,15], wide band gap of 3.37 eV, and large exciton binding energy of 60 meV [16][17][18].…”