“…They must meet the requirements for application, such as a proper energy band structure, high visible light absorption, good chemical stability, low toxicity and low cost. 3 Based on the above requirements, several photoanode materials such as ZnO, 4–6 TiO 2 , 7 WO 3 , 8 Fe 2 O 3 , 9,10 and BiVO 4 (ref. 11–13) have become research hotspots.…”