“…The most common inorganic nanoparticles used for these purposes are iron oxide, silver, gold, zinc oxide, and titanium [ 52 ]. Among them, magnetic nanoparticles, the first generation of nanomaterials approved for clinical use, are particularly used owing to their superparamagnetic properties, which have increased the possibilities for developing novel and efficient biomedical applications [ 52 , 53 , 54 ], such as targeted drug and gene delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, biosensors, cancer detection and treatment, diagnosis and magnetic field-assisted radiotherapy, and tissue engineering [ 55 ]. The common types of iron oxide nanoparticles, which belong to the ferrimagnetic class of magnetic nanomaterials, are magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ), and mixed ferrites (MFe 2 O 4 , where M = Co, Mn, Ni or Zn) [ 52 , 53 , 56 , 57 ].…”