Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: A Simulation-Based Framework for Flow Control and Management Using Crowd Monitoring Data

Al-Ahmadi, Hassan M.; Reza, Imran; Jamal, Arshad; Alhalabi, Wael; Assi, Khaled

doi:10.1007/s13369-020-05322-8

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Journal of Sensors train personnel how to evacuate in a fire situation. Literature [16] developed a virtual exercise program to train relevant personnel on how to find a safe evacuation exit in a fire building and successfully evacuate. Literature [17] developed a building fire simulation prototype system FVR based on virtual reality and data simulation, which can be used for evacuation drills and fire rescue training in fire situations.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Cellular Automata with Improved Dynamic Analysis in Evacuation Management of Sports Events

Xie

Zhang

2022

Journal of Sensors

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In this paper, the cellular automaton simulation technology is applied to the evacuation management of sports events, combined with the dynamic analysis method to analyze the collision of people in the evacuation process. At the same time, the cellular automaton model is used to refine the evacuation space to simplify environmental modeling, and the network model is used to determine the individual evacuation path from a macroperspective, simplify modeling, and improve simulation efficiency. In addition, this article simulates the evacuation process of the cellular automaton according to the actual evacuation situation of sports events and constructs the evacuation management system of sports events. Finally, this article evaluates the effect of the model in conjunction with experiments. The experimental results show that the role of the evacuation management system for sports events based on cellular automata proposed in this paper is obvious.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Cellular Automata with Improved Dynamic Analysis in Evacuation Management of Sports Events

Xie

Zhang

2022

Journal of Sensors

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“…[10] Crowd management N/A Survey on different possible technologies for Crowd management and comparison over them [11] Crowd monitoring…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there exist some recent related studies. For example, the study in [10] surveys digital solutions for Hajj crowd management while [11] presents a simulationbased analysis for flow control and crowd monitoring in Ziara. The study in [12] presents agent-based modeling on the possible spreading of COVID-19 during Hajj Rituals.…”

Section: Agent-based and Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

et al. 2022

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Pilgrimage is one of the largest mass gatherings, where millions of Muslims gather annually from all over the world to perform Hajj. The stoning ritual during Hajj has been historically vulnerable to serious disasters that often cause severe impacts ranging from injuries to death tolls. In efforts to minimize the number and extent of the disasters, the stoning area has been expanded recently. However, no research has been carried out to study the evacuation effectiveness of the current exit placements in the area, which lies at the heart of effective minimization of the number and extent of the disasters. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth study on emergency evacuation planning for the extended stoning area. It presents a simulation model of the expanded stoning area with the current exit placement. In addition, we suggested and examined four different exit placements considering evacuation scenarios in case of no hazard as well as two realistic hazard scenarios covering fire and bomb hazards. The simulation studied three stoning phases, beginning of stoning, during the peak hour of stoning, and ending of stoning at three scales of population sizes. The performance was measured in the light of evacuation time, percentage of evacuees, and percentage of crowd at each exit. The experimental results revealed that the current exits are not optimally positioned, and evacuation can be significantly improved through introducing a few more exits, or even through changing positions of the current ones.

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“…An online survey was used to determine the perceptions of runners regarding their experiences with congestion during each event examined in this study. An online survey was chosen for qualitative assessment given it is a low-cost and efficient method to collect data compared to face-to-face interviews, mail surveys, or telephone interviews [19,20] and has been regularly adopted to examine perceptual responses in runners following running events [9,21]. In this regard, a survey instrument was adapted from previous research [5].…”

Section: Qualitative Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, Fruin [8] provided the following critical density levels for crowds in walking scenarios: 0.43 persons per m 2 , indicating crowd members can maintain normal walking speed while avoiding one another; 2 persons per m 2 , indicating crowd members reduce walking speed; 3.57 persons per m 2 indicating crowd members experience involuntary contact with one another; and 5.55 persons per m 2 indicating crowd members experience potentially dangerous forces. These guidelines have been used to interpret crowd dynamics among community members in various scenarios, such as attending religious events [9] and entertainment shows [10]. Such standards guide event organizers in effectively planning for crowd capacities at their event venues to allow for safe crowd access, participation, and egress within different spaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of Congestion-Related Controls Improves Runner Density, Flow Rate, Perceived Safety, and Satisfaction during an Australian Running Event

Peckover

Raineri

Scanlan

2022

Sports

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This study examined the impact of congestion-related controls on runner density, flow rate, perceived safety, and satisfaction during an Australian running event. Runner congestion was compared between races organized at the Sunshine Coast Marathon and Running Festival in 2019 without controls and in 2021 with added controls, including modifications to the start corral design and use of wave starts. Following a mixed-method design, runner congestion was quantitatively measured via determining runner density and flow rate in the start corrals with video analyses, while post-event surveys were used to gather qualitative evidence regarding the prevalence of congestion and its impact on runner safety and satisfaction. Descriptive analyses for quantitative data showed runner density (1.48–3.01 vs. 0.52–1.20 runners per m2) and flow rate (102–152 vs. 36–59 runners per min per m) were reduced across races with controls. Regarding qualitative data, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank-sum tests demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.01) lower prevalence of congestion was perceived on course while running, alongside a reduced (p = 0.08) perceived impact of congestion on event satisfaction across races with controls. Furthermore, descriptive analyses for qualitative data showed a reduced proportion of runners indicated the start corrals were “somewhat” to “extremely” (rating of at least 3 on a 5-point scale) congested upon race commencement with controls (64% vs. 75%), and perceived safety (10% vs. 17%) and satisfaction (17% vs. 30%) were “somewhat” to “extremely” impacted by congestion across races with controls. Adopting suitable start corral designs with wave starts may enable race directors to reduce runner congestion to enhance continued participation among the public and viability of their running events.

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Preparedness for Mass Gatherings: A Simulation-Based Framework for Flow Control and Management Using Crowd Monitoring Data

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Application of Cellular Automata with Improved Dynamic Analysis in Evacuation Management of Sports Events

Application of Cellular Automata with Improved Dynamic Analysis in Evacuation Management of Sports Events

Crowd Evacuation in Hajj Stoning Area: Planning through Modeling and Simulation

Implementation of Congestion-Related Controls Improves Runner Density, Flow Rate, Perceived Safety, and Satisfaction during an Australian Running Event

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