“…The types of training most commonly prescribed include the following (AASHTO Task Force on Preconstruction Engineering Management, 1996; Contracting out does not, by itself, lead to the assumed gains of the mode, but requires government collaboration throughout. Hecker, 1997;ITE Technical Committee 2-24, 1988;ITE Technical Committee 2-33, 1990;Long, 1997): communications, writing, presentations, and speech; general and project management; financial management, economics, budgeting, and accounting; human resources management and supervision; contract law, law, and political science; and negotiation. Still, one study found that although the funds allocated to training increase over the years, they are inadequate for the challenges confronting state DOTs (Ellis et al, 2000).…”