Preschool and Child Care Expulsion and Suspension

Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development1

“…Expulsion rates are 13 times higher in federally funded child care centers than in K-12 classrooms (Gilliam & Shahar, 2006). Black preschoolers are 3.6 times more likely to receive one or more suspensions than White preschoolers are.…”

An Extended Validation and Analysis of the Early Childhood Educators' Knowledge of Self-Regulation Skills Questionnaire: A Two Phase Study

“…The ineffectiveness of these current early childhood policies and reforms, focused on increasing cognitive readiness, have placed pressures on both teachers and students resulting in an increase in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten expulsions rates in some states (Gilliam, 2005;Gilliam & Shahar, 2006;Rimm-Kaufmann et al, 2001). In a survey conducted by Lewit and Baker (1995), 42% of teachers reported that fewer students were ready for school now, than five years ago.…”

Exploring the relation between school pushout and future outlook for black youth.

“…Charnofsky, 1971). Suspensions are the most frequently utilized disciplinary approach in public schools (Gilliam & Shahar, 2006). 11.…”

“…Suspensions are the most frequently utilized disciplinary approach in public schools (Gilliam & Shahar, 2006). The frequency and duration of suspensions are generally set by administrators and vary based on state, district, local, and school-specific standards.…”

“…Expulsion serves as one of the more drastic forms of exclusionary practice and marks the end of that particular educational system's responsibility to provide educational, behavioral, and emotional support for the student who has been expelled (Gilliam & Shahar, 2006).…”