Prescription Stimulants

Wilens, Timothy E.; Kaminski, Tamar Arit

doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.006

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Similar reservations have also been noted in HIC, where concerns have primarily focused on the lack of scientific evidence about CE efficacy and underpowered studies (Sahakian et al 2015), the long-term effects on child development (Graf et al, 2013;Gaucher et al, 2013) and in the case of pro-cognitive drugs, risks associated with potential misuse and abuse (Schelle et al, 2014;Wilens & Kaminski, 2019;Bossaer et al, 2013;Garasic & Lavazza, 2016). Further to this, it has been suggested that a child who has been given access to CE might have difficulty understanding their identity as they develop (Gligorov 2016), and may become dependent on CE originating from a self-doubt as to whether they can function without the CE (Colaneri, Sheldon, and Adesman 2018).…”

Section: Use Of Ce For Upward Social Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Cognitive Enhancement and Social Mobility: Skepticism from India

et al. 2022

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Cognitive enhancement (CE) covers a broad spectrum of methods, including behavioral techniques, nootropic drugs, and neuromodulation interventions. However, research on their use in children has almost exclusively been carried out in high-income countries with limited understanding of how experts working with children view their use in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examines perceptions on cognitive enhancement, their techniques, neuroethical issues about their use from an LMICs perspective.Seven Indian experts were purposively sampled for their expertise in bioethics, child development and child education. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured topic guide to examine 1) understanding of CE, 2) which approaches were viewed as cognitive enhancers, 3) attitudes towards different CE techniques and 4) neuroethical issues related to CE use within the Indian context. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed before thematic analysis.Findings indicate Indian experts view cognitive enhancement as a holistic positive impact on overall functioning and well-being, rather than improvement in specific cognitive abilities.Exogenous agents, and neuromodulation were viewed with scepticism, whereas behavioral approaches were viewed more favorably. Neuroethical concerns included equitable access to CE, limited scientific evidence and over-reliance on technology to address societal problems. This highlights the need for more contextually relevant neuroethics research in LMICs.

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Section: Use Of Ce For Upward Social Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Cognitive Enhancement and Social Mobility: Skepticism from India

et al. 2022

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“…Most illicit substance use occurred after the initial prescription stimulant NMU. Slightly more than one-third (34.8%) of participants in the qualitative study claimed that prescription stimulant NMU influenced their subsequent use of illicit substances, while almost one-half endorsed prescription stimulant NMU when their regular dose was not achieving its effect, a noted risk factor for misuse (69). Recently, among multiple cohorts of high school seniors who were followed longitudinally, it was demonstrated that any reported prescription stimulant misuse (compared to none or rare misuse) was more strongly associated with subsequent substance use disorder symptoms at age 35, including cannabis use disorder, other substance use disorder or any substance use disorder (70).…”

Section: Illicit Substance Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

et al. 2021

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Objective: Prescription stimulant non-medical use (NMU) is a national predicament. While the risks of prescription stimulant NMU have been considered, less is known about non-oral use. To focus on this gap, a sample of adults with non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5-years was recruited. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the pathways and substance transitions associated with prescription stimulant NMU and non-oral prescription stimulant NMU in this unique sample of adults.Methods: Adults (n = 225) reporting non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5 years were recruited to complete an online survey by banner ads placed on the Reddit website between February and September 2019. After completion of the survey, a second study consisting of an in-depth telephone interview was conducted with 23 participants: interviews took place between July and September 2019. Data reported here include substance, route of administration and class transitions, as well as qualitative data from the interviews.Results: Approximately 1 in 5 began their substance use trajectory with prescription stimulants (19.1%). Other than marijuana, most exposures to illicit substances occurred after both initial prescription stimulant NMU and initial non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. The most frequently reported route of administration transition was from oral use to snorting (n = 158, 70.2%), however, other route of administration transitions included oral use to injection drug use (n = 14, 6%). In-depth interviews elaborated upon these transitions and indicated that prescription stimulant NMU was consequential to substance use pathways.Conclusions: Oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. Non-oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to illicit substance use, suggesting that prescription stimulant NMU impacts substance use pathways and revealing opportunities for intervention.

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“…In 2000, Babcock and Byrne reported a lifetime prevalence rate of prescription stimulant misuse behavior of 16.6% among college students, whereas Messina et al (2014) reported a lifetime prevalence rate of 25.4% just 4 years later. Others, including more recent studies, have reported a self-reported misuse prevalence rate as high as 80% (e.g., A. D. DeSantis et al, 2008 ; Faraone et al, 2020 ; Wilens & Kaminski, 2019 ). Furthermore, Holt and McCarthy (2020) recently reported that more than 50% of students continue to misuse prescription stimulants after graduating from college.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others, including more recent studies, have reported a self-reported misuse prevalence rate as high as 80% (e.g., A. D. DeSantis et al, 2008;Faraone et al, 2020;Wilens & Kaminski, 2019). Furthermore, Holt and McCarthy (2020) recently reported that more than 50% of students continue to misuse prescription stimulants after graduating from college.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prescription Stimulant Misuse Among Nursing Students

Magnotti,

Beatty,

Bickford

et al. 2023

UJAN

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Nonmedical prescription stimulants are used to reduce symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in children and adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity/disorder. They are Schedule II controlled substances because of their high potential for dependence, and individuals who misuse them without a valid prescription are subject to criminal charges. Stimulant medications are also associated with common side effects (e.g., insomnia) as well as more serious but less common side effects (e.g., arrhythmias). Despite the potential health and legal consequences, misuse of prescription stimulants has become a public health crisis on college campuses in the United States. Neurocognitive enhancement is the primary reason that college students report misusing prescription stimulants, despite no enhancement of cognitive functioning when taken by healthy adults. Nursing students may be at risk for misuse because of their high levels of academic and clinical demands and because many start misusing in nursing school. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the databases PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCOhost, and Academic OneFile were systematically searched to investigate the (a) percentage of prescription stimulant misuse studies that have included nursing students, (b) prevalence of prescription stimulant misuse among nursing students, (c) motivations for prescription stimulant misuse among nursing students, and (d) demographic factors associated with increased use among nursing students. Results revealed that of the 197 studies conducted within the past decade (2010–2021), only 1.02% (two) included nursing students. Future studies must investigate the prevalence and nature of prescription stimulant misuse among nursing students.

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Prescription Stimulants

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Cognitive Enhancement and Social Mobility: Skepticism from India

Cognitive Enhancement and Social Mobility: Skepticism from India

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

Prescription Stimulant Misuse Among Nursing Students

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