Presence and Characterisation of Anaemia in Diabetic Foot Ulceration

Wright, Joyce; Oddy, Michael; Richards, Toby

doi:10.1155/2014/104214

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Several studies suggest that anemia is twice as common in diabetics compared with non-diabetics [2]. Despite these facts, anemia is unrecognized in 25% of the diabetic patients [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Progression

2014

General Med

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Aim: Anemia is found to contribute to the development and progression of micro and macro-vascular complications of diabetes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in patients with diabetes and the occurrence of micro and macro vascular complications in them.Method: This was a retrospective study of 227 Saudi patients with diabetes regularly followed up as outpatients for one year. Patient's demographic profile, history of stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and concomitant hypertension (HT) along with the most recent values of complete blood picture and renal function tests were collected from the database of the health center. Results:The prevalence of anemia in our study population is 55.5%, which is two to three times more common as compared to the result from previous studies. Anemia was six times more common (53.9%) compared to the previous study for the same GFR value (GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) and half of them in stage one kidney disease. Conclusion:Anemia is a common accompaniment with diabetes and it is seen early even in the absence of renal impairment which necessitate early screening of anemia and further studies to know the possible etiology.

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“…Several studies suggest that anemia is twice as common in diabetics compared with non-diabetics [2]. Despite these facts, anemia is unrecognized in 25% of the diabetic patients [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Progression

2014

General Med

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“…Several studies suggest that anemia is twice as common in diabetics compared with non-diabetics. Despite these facts, anemia is unrecognized in 25% of patients with diabetes [18,19]. Anemia also develops earlier and is more severe in patients with diabetes than in patients with renal impairment from other causes [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Interrelationship Between Electrolytes, Anemia, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hba1c) Levels in Type 2 Diabetics

Rajagopal

Ganesan

Abdullah

et al. 2018

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the interrelationship and pattern of electrolyte imbalance and compare the correlation between serum electrolytes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels between Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. Methods:This study was conducted in 300 subjects (150 diabetics and 150 non-diabetics) and further categorized as anemic and non-anemic within each group. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C, hemoglobin, and serum electrolyte levels.Results: Sodium (Na + ) levels in diabetics were significantly lower and potassium (K + ) as well as chloride (Cl − ) levels were significantly higher, when compared with non-diabetics. A significant positive correlation between HbA1C and potassium as well as chloride levels in contrast to negative correlation with sodium levels was observed in both genders. Among diabetics with anemia, we found significantly lower sodium and higher potassium and chloride. Conclusion:In diabetics, levels of sodium were significantly lower, and potassium as well as chloride was significantly higher when compared with non-diabetics. Our study clearly demonstrates an association between electrolytes, hemoglobin, and HbA1C levels in diabetes. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.

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“…Micro-angiopathy is a result of changes in the microcirculation which is caused by changes in blood viscosity and red blood cell deformability [30] . One of the variables deciding the cell deformability is the erythrocyte cytoplasmic viscosity that is basically determined by the properties and the concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte [31] . Many factors were suggested as causing the frequent onset of anemia, including chronic inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, and malnutrition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transport of iron to the bone marrow is inhibited due to the scavenging of iron by macrophages and its storage in ferritin. Wright et al (2014) [31] found the prevalence of anemia in patients with severe DFU. Their explanation was due to systemic inflammation, repeated superficial, deep tissue infection, osteomyelitis, and antibiotic use which may delay healing of foot ulcer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%