Presence and Health Risks of Obsolete and Emerging Pesticides in Paddy Rice and Soil from Thailand and China

Abstract

Organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) have been intensively applied in rice paddy field farming to control pest infestation and increase the yield. In this study, we investigated the presence of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in paddy rice and soil from rice plantations in Thailand and China. According to concentration and distribution of OCPs, the most abundant OCPs residues in rice and soil from Thailand and China were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexanes. The OPPs of methidathion, carbophenothion, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were common to Thailand and China in both types of samples. The detection frequency of multiple types of these pesticides was greater than 50% of total samples. The relative concentration of some OPPs residues in rice and soil from Thailand and China were significantly different from each other (p < 0.0083), whereas, no significant difference was observed for the relative concentration of OCPs residues in rice and soil from both countries, except for HCHs (p < 0.05). Bioaccumulation factors of OCPs between rice and soil samples indicated that OCPs and OPPs in soil could accumulate in rice. The carcinogenic and non- carcinogenic risks of OCPs and OPPs seem to be in the safe range as recommended by the European Union.

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Food Handlers along the Rice Value Chain of Uganda

“…The amount of pesticide residues found in food depends on the kind and dose of pesticide used during spraying, method of spraying employed, spraying period and integrated pest management both at preharvest and post-harvest level (Öztaş et al, 2018;European Parliament, 2021). Human exposure to pesticides occurs primarily through the oral, dermal and inhalation routes (Chen et al, 2020;Evangelou et al, 2016;Khammanee et al, 2020). Acute pesticide exposure results into excessive sweating, skin irritation, fatigue, dizziness, convulsion, coma and death (Chen et al, 2020;Khammanee et al, 2020;Swagata et al, 2021).…”

“…Human exposure to pesticides occurs primarily through the oral, dermal and inhalation routes (Chen et al, 2020;Evangelou et al, 2016;Khammanee et al, 2020). Acute pesticide exposure results into excessive sweating, skin irritation, fatigue, dizziness, convulsion, coma and death (Chen et al, 2020;Khammanee et al, 2020;Swagata et al, 2021). Chronic exposure to pesticides may lead to cancer and gene mutation (Kim et al, 2016).…”

Cumulative Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Brown Rice (Oryza sativa L.) from the Three Main Rice-Growing Regions in China during 2016–2020

“…e detection frequencies of organochlorine in rice samples from ailand were over 58% [31]. us, the contamination level of pesticide residues in rice grain in China is relatively lower than that in other countries.…”

“…However, indiscriminate and excessive application of pesticides in these regions results in multiple pesticide residue contaminations in rice grain [29,30]. e OPs were frequently detected in rice samples from China, and the detection frequency of 9 out of 15 types of OPs exceeded 50% [31]. Ma et al [32] indicated that most rice grain from Chinese markets contained multiple NEO residues.…”

Performance of Novel Antimicrobial Protein Bg_9562 and In Silico Predictions on Its Properties with Reference to Its Antimicrobial Efficiency against Rhizoctonia solani

“…Invasion of crops by pests and diseases has recently seen a great jump because of several factors, including high intensity and a more input-oriented system of crop cultivation [20]. Further, this increase has warranted the use of more pesticides, leading to several unwanted developments such as health issues of consumers [21] and rejection of export consignments [22]. Eco-friendly management of pests and diseases using microbes and their products has provided an alternative to the use of synthetic plant protection chemicals [23].…”