Presence and Persistence of Zika Virus RNA in Semen, United Kingdom, 2016

Atkinson, Barry; Thorburn, Fiona; Petridou, Christina; Bailey, Daniel; Hewson, Roger; Simpson, Andrew J. H.; Brooks, Timothy; Aarons, Emma

doi:10.3201/eid2304.161692

Cited by 102 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Another important factor in the determination of the long term dynamics of Zika in a population is the parameter K L which represents how well men is capable of sexually transmitting ZIKV after the viremic period ( figure 3), when compared to during it. It has been confirmed that some men can test positive for ZIKV RNA in the semen months after the viremic period 22,23 . Our model shows that until we can properly measure or estimate the sexual transmissibilities between humans in post-viremic stage, we must be prudent 24 and recommend protected sex to men returning from endemic areas with or without symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of Sexual Transmission to Sex-specific Attack Rates in Zika Epidemics

Barros

Santos

Massad

et al. 2018

Preprint

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In 2015 and 2016 South America went through the largest Zika epidemic in recorded history. One important aspect of this epidemic was the impact on newborns due to the effect of Zika on development of the central nervous system leading to severe malformations. Another aspect of the Zika epidemic which became evident from the data was the importance of the sexual route of transmission leading to increased risk for women. Here, we propose a mathematical model for the transmission of the Zika virus including sexual transmission in all possible directions, as well as simplified vector transmission, assuming a constant availability of mosquitoes. From this model we derive an expression for R 0 which can be used to study the the relative contributions of the different routes of Zika transmission and we analyze the relative importance of the male to female sexual transmission route vis-a-vis vectorial transmission. We conclude that when there is a sexual transmission rout from men to women, we can expect a higher burden on women even when R 0 is below one.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of Sexual Transmission to Sex-specific Attack Rates in Zika Epidemics

Barros

Santos

Massad

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…However, it remains to be determined whether a ZIKV vaccine will need to achieve true sterilizing immunity to protect a pregnant woman and her fetus from congenital ZIKV syndrome, which could be a higher bar than protecting a non-pregnant adult against ZIKV viremia. A more detailed understanding of potential viral reservoirs, such as in semen, will also be needed (Atkinson et al, 2017; Matheron et al, 2016). …”

Section: Challenges Facing Clinical Development Of Zikv Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for a Zika Virus Vaccine

2017

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A recent unprecedented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas has been associated with microcephaly and other congenital malformations in infants as well as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. The development of a safe and effective ZIKV vaccine is therefore an urgent global health priority. Promising data from preclinical vaccine studies in mice and monkeys suggest that an effective vaccine will likely be possible, but important scientific challenges remain. Here we review the current state of ZIKV vaccine development. We discuss different vaccination strategies and, in the context of what has been learnt from other flavivirus vaccines, we highlight challenges facing clinical evaluation of ZIKV vaccine candidates.

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“…During the outbreak in the French Polynesia, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positivity for ZIKV was found in 3% of the sera of blood donations [3]. Additionally, the virus can persist in vaginal secretions and semen for up to 115 days [17,[24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Alert: Zika Virus-an Emerging Arbovirus

Özkurt¹,

Tanrıverdi²

2017

Eurasian J Med

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus, and it has an envelope and a single RNA molecule. In early 2016, the World Health Organization declared ZIKV infection to be an emerging global health threat. The major transmission route of the virus to humans is Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV can be transmitted between humans by transplacental, perinatal, and sexual routes and via blood and body fluids. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild and self-limiting disease with low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and periorbital edema. Neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute myelitis, and transverse myelitis have been reported during ZIKV infection. Intrauterine and congenital ZIKV infections have strong teratogenic effects on the fetus. Intrauterine or congenital ZIKV infection can lead to microcephaly, ocular anomalies (such as macular atrophy, pigment mottling, and optic nerve anomalies), and cardiac anomalies (such as atrial or ventricular septal defect). Calcification in the brain between the cortical and subcortical areas, ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cortical/subcortical atrophy, delayed myelination, enlarged cisterna magna, and craniofacial disproportion have been reported as brain development defects. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild disease, and it does not require specific therapy. However, complications of infection during the early period of life are serious. Thus, many drugs have been investigated, and vaccine development studies have been conducted to prevent ZIKV infection. Vector control and personal protection from mosquito-borne transmission are important for decreasing the prevalence of ZIKV infection. In particular, pregnant residents or travelers to endemic areas should be carefully protected against mosquito-borne transmission.Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, microcephaly, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, aedes, arbovirus ÖZ Zika virus (ZIKV), Flavivirus ailesinden sivrisineklerle bulaşan zarflı ve tek sarmallı RNA'ya sahip bir arbovirusdur. 2016 yılı başında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) ZIKV enfeksiyonunun giderek önemi artan bir küresel tehdit olduğunu açıklamıştır. Virusun insanlara esas geçiş yolu Aedes tipi sivrisineklerin ısırmasıdır. İnsanlar arasında transplasental, perinatal, cinsel yolla, ayrıca kan ve vücut sıvıları aracılığı ile bulaşır. ZIKV enfeksiyonu genellikle hafif ve kendini sınırlandıran hastalık olup, düşük derecede ateş, konjuktivit ve periorbital ödem ile seyreder. ZIKV enfeksiyonu esnasında Guillain-Barre sendromu, meningoensefalit, akut dissemine ensefalomyelit (ADEM), akut myelit, transvers myelit gibi nörolojik komplikasyonlar rapor edilmiştir. Intrauterin ve konjenital ZIKV enfeksiyonu fetus üzerinde ağır teratojenik etkiye sahiptir. İntrauterin enfeksiyon mikrosefali, oküler anomaliler (maküler atrofi, pigment beneklenmesi ve optik sinir anomalileri gibi) ve kardiyak anomalilere (atrial veya ventriküler septal defekt gibi) yol açabilir. ...

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Presence and Persistence of Zika Virus RNA in Semen, United Kingdom, 2016

Cited by 102 publications

References 32 publications

Impact of Sexual Transmission to Sex-specific Attack Rates in Zika Epidemics

Impact of Sexual Transmission to Sex-specific Attack Rates in Zika Epidemics

Prospects for a Zika Virus Vaccine

Global Alert: Zika Virus-an Emerging Arbovirus

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