Presence of Acetamide in Milk and Beef from Cattle Consuming AFEX-Treated Crop Residues

Bals, Bryan; Teymouri, Farzaneh; Haddad, Diane; Julian, W Allen; Vismeh, Ramin; Jones, A. Daniel; Mor, Preeti; Soest, Brandon Van; Tyagi, Amrish Kumar; VandeHaar, M.J.; Bringi, V.

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04030

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similar cleavages of ester linkages are reported when lignocellulosic biomass is pretreated using dilute acid or dilute alkali (Chen et al, 2012;Saulnier et al, 2020). The carboxamides produced during ammonia pretreatment of forages are considered as potential feed carcinogens when consumed beyond a certain concentration, and there is widespread fear of these compounds entering into the human food chain (Chundawat et al, 2010;Vismeh et al, 2018Mokomele et al, 2018Bals et al, 2019;Moore et al, 2019). For example, acetamide (CAS60-35-5) is classified as one of the possible neurotoxins (IARC Casa Grop-2B) following chronic exposures at high dosage.…”

Section: R-co-or' + Ohmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…However, most of the catalyst used in pretreatment process is miscible in water and get embedded into the biomass, requiring expensive processing step to remove or neutralize them after pretreatment. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is one of the leading alkaline pretreatments processes that uses volatile ammonia as catalyst and up to 97% of ammonia can be recycled and used for subsequent processing cycle (da Costa Sousa et al, 2009;Balan et al, 2009a;Balan et al, 2011;Chundawat et al, 2011;da Costa Sousa et al, 2016;Balan et al, 2017;Bals et al, 2019;Mor et al, 2019;O Ribeiro et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). AFEX pretreatment of various feedstocks such as rice and wheat straw, corn stover, and oat hull followed by densification and drying helped produce dry biomass pellets (<10% moisture) with increased bulk density (588-634 kg/m 3 ) like shelled corn grains (720 kg/m 3 ) and offered the advantage to transportation and store biomass in grain silos (Hoover et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in the plant cell wall are responsible for providing resistance against biomass-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms. Four major types of lignin-carbohydrate bonds are reported in the literature, namely, benzyl ethers, benzyl esters, phenyl glycosides, and acetyl ester linkages. Ester’s linkages in the plant cell wall are labile to alkaline pretreatments, such as ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), which uses liquid or gaseous ammonia to cleave those linkages in the plant cell wall and reduce biomass recalcitrance. Two competing reactions, notably hydrolysis and ammonolysis, take place during AFEX pretreatment process, producing different aliphatic and aromatic acids, as well as their amide counterparts. AFEX pretreated grasses and agricultural residues are known to increase conversion of biomass to sugars by four- to five-fold when subjected to commercial enzyme hydrolysis, yielding a sustainable feedstock for producing biofuels, biomaterials, and animal feed. Animal feed trials on dairy cows have demonstrated a 27% increase in milk production when compared to a control feedstock. However, the presence of carboxamides in feedstocks could promote neurotoxicity in animals if consumed beyond a certain concentration. Thus, there is the need to overcome regulatory hurdles associated with commercializing AFEX pretreated biomass as animal feed in the United States. This manuscript demonstrates a modified pretreatment for increasing the digestibility of industrial byproducts such as Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and high-fiber meal (HFM) produced from BSG and dry distillers grains with soluble (DDGS), while avoiding the production of carboxamides. The three industrial byproducts were first treated with calculated amounts of alkali such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, or KOH followed by AFEX pretreatment. We found that 4% alkali was able to de-esterify BSG and DDGS more efficiently than using 2% alkali at both 10 and 20% solids loading. AFEX pretreatment of de-esterified BSG, HFM, and DDGS produced twofold higher glucan conversion than respective untreated biomass. This new discovery can help overcome potential regulatory issues associated with the presence of carboxamides in ammonia-pretreated animal feeds and is expected to benefit several farmers around the world.

show abstract

Section: R-co-or' + Ohmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…With increasing prices of pure sugars, starch, and grain, the feedstocks for fermentation are gradually expanded from corn to the less expensive and renewable lignocellulosic biomass. , Lignocellulose is the most abundant and inexpensive biomass resource; however, it requires pretreatment by mechanical, chemical, or biological methods to promote its decomposition . Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment is a promising method for lignocellulose pretreatment. ,− The generated lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate can potentially be used as an inexpensive carbon source to further reduce the cost of n -butyl acetate production. Moreover, the toxicity of AFEX pretreated biomass is lower than that of dilute acid pretreated biomass, which enables us to perform a proof-of-concept in substrate potential exploration using recombinant strains without adaptive laboratory evolution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Process Engineering of Clostridium beijerinckii for Butyl Acetate Production in One Step

Fang

Wen

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

n-Butyl acetate is an important food additive commonly produced via concentrated sulfuric acid catalysis or immobilized lipase catalysis of butanol and acetic acid. Compared with chemical methods, an enzymatic approach is more environmentally friendly; however, it incurs a higher cost due to lipase production. In vivo biosynthesis via metabolic engineering offers an alternative to produce n-butyl acetate. This alternative combines substrate production (butanol and acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)), alcohol acyltransferase expression, and esterification reaction in one reactor. The alcohol acyltransferase gene ATF1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced into Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052, enabling it to directly produce n-butyl acetate from glucose without lipase addition. Extractants were compared and adapted to realize glucose fermentation with in situ n-butyl acetate extraction. Finally, 5.57 g/L of butyl acetate was produced from 38.2 g/L of glucose within 48 h, which is 665-fold higher than that reported previously. This demonstrated the potential of such a metabolic approach to produce n-butyl acetate from biomass.

show abstract

“…The authors point out the importance of testing the pretreated straw regarding the health effects on the animals and, in addition, if the milk and meat are safe for human consumption. Bals et al [65] carried out a study on the concentration of acetamide (an ammoniation by-product) in AFEX-treated crop residues and in milk and meat from cattle and buffalo that had been fed with the material. When the AFEX-treated material was introduced, the levels of acetamide in the blood increased.…”

Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Galbe

Wallberg

2019

Biotechnol Biofuels

355

195

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The implementation of biorefineries based on lignocellulosic materials as an alternative to fossil-based refineries calls for efficient methods for fractionation and recovery of the products. The focus for the biorefinery concept for utilisation of biomass has shifted, from design of more or less energy-driven biorefineries, to much more versatile facilities where chemicals and energy carriers can be produced. The sugar-based biorefinery platform requires pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials, which can be very recalcitrant, to improve further processing through enzymatic hydrolysis, and for other downstream unit operations. This review summarises the development in the field of pretreatment (and to some extent, of fractionation) of various lignocellulosic materials. The number of publications indicates that biomass pretreatment plays a very important role for the biorefinery concept to be realised in full scale. The traditional pretreatment methods, for example, steam pretreatment (explosion), organosolv and hydrothermal treatment are covered in the review. In addition, the rapidly increasing interest for chemical treatment employing ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are discussed and reviewed. It can be concluded that the huge variation of lignocellulosic materials makes it difficult to find a general process design for a biorefinery. Therefore, it is difficult to define "the best pretreatment" method. In the end, this depends on the proposed application, and any recommendation of a suitable pretreatment method must be based on a thorough techno-economic evaluation.

show abstract

Presence of Acetamide in Milk and Beef from Cattle Consuming AFEX-Treated Crop Residues

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Metabolic and Process Engineering of Clostridium beijerinckii for Butyl Acetate Production in One Step

Pretreatment for biorefineries: a review of common methods for efficient utilisation of lignocellulosic materials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About