Presence of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles and benzenesulfonamides in surface water samples by liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract

An analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of seven benzotriazole, five benzothiazole and four benzenesulfonamide derivatives in surface water samples. The procedure is based on solid‐phase extraction with Oasis HLB, followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Apparent recoveries ranged from 40 to 101%, except for compounds the matrix effect of which was above ‐60%. The repeatability (n = 5) of the method was below 20% for all compounds except 4‐hydroxybenzotriazole in river water. The method limits of detection for most compounds ranged from 1 to 12 ng/L for both river water and seawater. The method was then used for the determination of the studied compounds in several river water and seawater samples from harbour and coastal areas. 1‐H‐Benzotriazole (up to 78 ng/L in river water and above the upper limit of the calibration curve in seawater) and 4‐methyl‐1‐H‐benzotriazole (up to 44 ng/L in river water and 338 ng/L in seawater) were the most abundant compounds quantified in the samples, even though 5‐methyl‐1‐H‐benzotriazole and 2‐hydroxybenzothiazole were also found in most samples. Some compounds were frequently found in certain types of samples, such as 2‐aminobenzothiazole in river water. Benzenesulfonamide derivatives could not be quantified in any sample.

Marine gas-phase sulfur emissions during an induced phytoplankton bloom

“…Benzothiazole (C7H5NS) belongs to a class of structurally similar molecules called benzothiazoles, which are a group of high production volume chemicals found in wastewater and urban runoff (De Wever and Verachtert, 1997;Hidalgo-Serrano et al, 2019). Based on analysis in Franklin et al (2021) where the benzothiazole molecule was (1) consistently observed in significant quantities in the dissolved, gas, and aerosol phases, (2) the gas-phase molecule displayed temporal behavior similar to a group of other anthropogenic gases, and (3) anthropogenic benzothiazole tracer species were observed, we attribute its source as primarily anthropogenic from the presence of pollutants in coastal waters.…”

Marine gas-phase sulfur emissions during an induced phytoplankton bloom

“…MeSH is the major DMSP d product (∼ 75 % yield) and is formed when bacteria demethylate or demethiolate DMSP d (Kiene, 1996;Kiene and Linn, 2000b). However, existing measurements of dissolved MeSH concentrations are significantly smaller than collocated dissolved DMS concentrations (< 1.8 nM versus < 6 nM) (Kettle et al, 2001). This is a result of its reaction with dissolved organic matter and its rapid incorporation into bacterial cells where it is used to form methionine (Flöck and Andreae, 1996;Kiene, 1996;Kiene et al, 1999).…”

“…Fluctuations in the available sulfur pool and bacterial sulfur demand can translate to significant variability in waterside measurements of DMS : MeSH over the open ocean. In upwelling regions of the Atlantic Ocean, waterside DMS : MeSH has been shown to range between 1 and 30 (Kettle et al, 2001). Measurements made in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, and North Sea have shown waterside DMS : MeSH of 16, 20, and 6, respectively (Leck and Rodhe, 1991).…”

A Comparative Test on the Sensitivity of Freshwater and Marine Microalgae to Benzo-Sulfonamides, -Thiazoles and -Triazoles

“…The presence of any xenobiotic compounds in fresh, ground, or marine water represents a threat to organisms living in these ecosystems and, therefore, to human health. Among organic pollutants, a group of high production volume chemicals, benzotriazole (BTRs), benzothiazoles (BTs), and benzenesulfonamides (BSAs), benzo-fused nitrogen heterocyclic compounds containing a benzene ring, has been used for several decades in a large number of industrial activities and consuming products [1].…”

“…BSAs are used for synthesizing dyes, photo-chemicals, disinfectants, and intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals [7,8]. These polar compounds, some of them resistant to biodegradation, can constitute an environmental threat due to their widespread application and consequent ubiquitous occurrence in various environmental compartments [1,7]. growth, and is considered a good indicator to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants present in marine water.…”