Presence of <em>Leptospira</em> sp. and leptospirosis risk factor analysis in Boyolali district, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Leptospirosis is a health problem that causes death in Indonesia. In 2017, Boyolali District was reported that the number of leptospirosis cases reached 40.62 per 100,000 population with a CFR of 23.52%. The determination of risk factors and Leptospira bacteria's presence in the body of water plays an essential role in the transmission of leptospirosis.Design and methods: This study aims to determine the risk factors and Leptospira bacteria's presence in water bodies in Boyolali District. This research is descriptive research with a survey method using a cross-sectional design and an analytical study using an observational method with a case-control approach. The sample was 100 water samples from wells, rivers, and paddy fields in endemic and non-endemic areas of leptospirosis. This study's population was 34 people with leptospirosis in Boyolali Regency in January 2017 - August 2018.Results: There was a significant relationship between leptospirosis incidence in the Boyolali Regency with garbage, the pet presence, a history of injuries, and field activity. Leptospira bacteria are found in rivers (18.18%) and rice fields (6.67%), while in sub-districts with cases occur almost every year. Leptospira are found in wells (18.18%) and rice fields (6.67%).Conclusions: People should pay more attention to home sanitation and the surrounding environment to avoid leptospirosis.

Meta-Analysis: Effects of Lession and Exposed to Risk Factor on Leptospirosis Infection

“…Skin that is eroded due to wounds or skin diseases makes it easier for Leptospira to enter the mucous membranes of the human body. The research results are in line with the research conducted by Setyaningsih et al (2022) in Boyolali District showed that a history of injury had a significant relationship with the incidence of Leptospirosis. This is evidenced by the results of statistical test studies showing an Odds Ratio value of 1.13 which means that people with a history of injuries have a 1.13 times greater chance of being exposed to Leptospirosis than people without a history of injuries.…”

Analisis Faktor Lingkungan yang Mempengaruhi Keberadaan Tikus Positif Bakteri Leptospira sp. di Kota Kendari

“…The results of this study show that there is a relationship between the variable presence of trash and the presence of mice positive for leptospira bacteria (ρ = 0.000). A study in Boyolali Regency conducted by Setyaningsih et al (2022) also stated that there is a significant relationship between the presence of waste and the incidence of Leptospirosis. This means that the presence of rubbish has a 2.13 times higher risk of transmitting leptospirosis (Setyaningsih et al, 2022).…”

Ocular leptospirosis: lack of awareness among ophthalmologists and challenges in diagnosis

“…Leptospires were found in rivers (18.18%) wells (18.18%) and in rice fields (6.67%). Hence, cases occur almost every year in subdistricts [15]. Another report on leptospirosis from Semarang showed the median age of patients to be 41.2 years and 67% were male.…”

“…At the hospital sites, leptospirosis was missed in 57% of cases but detected by the Reference Laboratory. Makassar and Surabaya (83.3%) and Yogyakarta (100%) had the highest missed case rates [4,15].…”

“…Human infection results from exposure to the contaminated environment. Portals of entry are either abraded skin or intact mucous membranes [15]. Occupational risks are associated with farming, mining, veterinary medicine, military, fieldwork, working at sugar cane plantations, sewage workers, slaughterhouse men, and miners.…”