Presentation of Antibacterial and Therapeutic Anti-inflammatory Potentials to Hydroxyapatite via Biomimetic With Azadirachta indica: An in vitro Anti-inflammatory Assessment in Contradiction of LPS-Induced Stress in RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

In the present study, for the first time, biomimetization of hydroxyapatite (HA) with Azadirachta indica (AI) was proposed and established its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory potential on lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ethanolic extract of AI was found rich with phenolics and flavonoids, and determined their concentration as 8.98 ± 1.41 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 5.46 ± 0.84 mg catechin equivalents/g, respectively. The HA was prepared by sol-gel method from calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and orthophosphoric acid, and successfully biomimetization was performed with ethanolic extract of AI. The FTIR analysis settled that as-synthesized HA-AI composite was comprised of both HA and AI. The XRD pattern and Zeta potential revealed that the HA-AI composite was crystalline and negative in charge (−24.0 mV). The average-size distribution, shape, and size of the HA-AI composite was determined as 238.90 d.nm, spherical, and 117.90 nm from size distribution, SEM, and HR-TEM analysis, respectively. The SEM-EDX concluded that the HA-AI composite was comprised of elements of HA as well as AI. The HA-AI composite presented potential antioxidant activity and its EC50 values (dose required to inhibit about half of the radicals) for ABTS and DPPH assays were determined as 115.72 ± 2.33 and 128.51 ± 1.04 μg/ml, respectively. The HA-AI composite showed potent antibacterial activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) towards S. aureus (ATCC 700699) and E. coli (ATCC 10536) were correspondingly determined as 266.7 ± 28.87 and 600.0 ± 50.0 μg/ml, and 400.0 ± 86.6 and 816.7 ± 76.38 μg/ml. Most importantly, HA-AI composite presented the potential antiinflammatory response toward lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells. The dose of 250 μg/ml of HA-AI composite has shown optimum protection against LPS-induced stress (1 μg/ml) by scavenging oxidants and regulating mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Thus, this study concluded that the impartation of potential biofunctional features to HA from plant sources through biomimetic approach is much beneficial and could find potential application in dentistry and orthopedic.

Multi-Biofunctional Properties of Phytofabricated Selenium Nanoparticles From Carica papaya Fruit Extract: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antimycotoxin, Anticancer, and Biocompatibility

“…The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of SeNPs were measured using the micro-well dilution technique as per instructions of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute ( Tarpay et al, 1980 ; Wolfensberger et al, 2013 ; Nagaraj and Samiappan, 2019 ). The antimicrobial activity of SeNPs was evaluated using different strains of Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus —MTCC 96, S. aureus— ATCC 13565, S. aureus— ATCC 14458, S. aureus— ATCC 19095, Listeria monocytogenes —MTCC 657, and Enterococcus faecalis —MTCC 439), Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli —MTCC 41 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa —MTCC 741), and fungi ( Penicillium verrucosu m—ITCC 2986, Aspergillus ochraceus —ITCC 2454, A. oryzae —MTCC 634, Fusarium anthophilum —MTCC 10129, Rhizopus stolonifer —MTCC 4886, A. brasiliensis —MTCC 1344, and A. flavus —MTCC 1883).…”

“…The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of SeNPs were measured using the micro-well dilution technique as per instructions of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (Tarpay et al, 1980;Wolfensberger et al, 2013;Nagaraj and Samiappan, 2019). The antimicrobial activity of SeNPs was evaluated using different strains of Gram-positive bacteria…”

Exploring the biomedical competency of gamma-radiation aided hydroxyapatite and its composite fabricated with nano-cellulose and chitosan

“…To evaluate the antioxidant activity of g-radiated Hap, 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) free radical scavenging method [34][35][36][37] was adapted. The radical solution alone was used as control while the test sample was prepared by adding g-radiated Hap with DPPH solution.…”

The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica

“…Of note in recent years, there are several groups who have incorporated neem into novel materials and technologies that have broad implications for human health. Specifically, green-synthesized copper or silver nanoparticles and hydrogels, nanocellulose films, chitosan-copper oxide biopolymers, and hydroxyapatite have all been constructed to include neem extracts and have substantial antimicrobial activity, including against multidrug-resistant bacterial species ( Nagaraj and Samiappan, 2019 ; Revathi and Thambidurai, 2019 ; Algebaly et al, 2020 ; Asghar and Asghar, 2020 ; Lakkim et al, 2020 ; Sharma and Bhardwaj, 2020 ; Ulaeto et al, 2020 ; Chinnasamy et al, 2021 ; Ghazali et al, 2022 ; Lan Chi et al, 2022 ). Both in vitro and in vivo data suggest that these composite materials represent a growing industry of creative antimicrobial technologies that have the potential to revolutionize infectious disease treatments and biomedical science as a whole.…”