Pressure Sensors for Measuring the Grip Pressure during Kendo Attacks: Assessment of Laterality and Evidence of the Five Phases of Attack

Abstract

In Kendo, there is no consensus as to which hand should produce more pressure when attacking the opponent with the bamboo sword, let alone how to teach the pressure distribution during coaching. There is the theory that a Kendo attack can be divided into five phases, which has not entered the coaching practice, either. The aim of this study was to measure the grip pressure during Kendo attacks, investigate the pressure distribution between the two hands, and find evidence for the existence of the alleged five attack phases. We instrumented a bamboo sword with grip pressure sensors and investigated the grip pressure in 23 participants. In all attack targets and in both hands, the pressure across all attack phases was significantly different. In general, the left-hand pressure was consistently and significantly higher than the right-hand one, across all five attack phases, for the hand, head, and flank attack targets. The surprising exception was the throat target with only two attack phases, the strike phase of which showed a greater pressure in the right hand. Across all participants, the left-hand pressure was greater in 60.22–100% in any phase of the four attack targets, except for the strike phase of the throat target. Through these results, we could verify the effect of the teaching customs in Kendo, as well as provide first-time evidence of the existence of the five attack phases.

Frustrated Total Internal Reflection Measurement System for Pilot Inceptor Grip Pressure

“…As such, it is understandable that considerable research effort has been put into measuring the exchanged actions between the hand and the manipulated object, with pressure being the most obvious target physical quantity. The most widespread sensing method is based on piezo-resistive pressure sensors [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], constituted by a matrix of sensing elements embedded in polymeric sheets. The method has proven its reliability and accuracy in countless applications and is the de facto industry standard.…”

“…Higher frequency loads, originating from airframe vibrations and mediated through the biomechanical response of their body, are also fed by the pilots to the command inceptors. This action is involuntary and occurs typically at frequencies outside of the range of voluntary operation, usually identified in [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Hz. Knowing the characteristics of the force exchanged between the pilot and the control device at the device grip, can be very important in investigating pilot control techniques and in augmenting the safety of the aircraft operation.…”