The electron correlations in narrow energy bands are examined within the framework of the Hubbard model. The single-particle Green function and energy spectrum are obtained in a paramagnetic state at half-filling by means of a new two-pole approximation. Analytical expressions for the energy gap, polar states concentration and energy of the system are found in the ground state. Metal-insulator transitions in the model at the change of bandwidth or temperature are investigated. The results obtained are used for interpretation of some experimental data in narrow-band materials.