Pressure Wave Caused by Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Underwater Explosion—Short Review

Kiciński, Radosław; Szturomski, Bogdan

doi:10.3390/app10103433

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Assuming additivity effect [24], we substracted the relative contribution of the 60 g C4 booster from the equivalent shock (E s, equ ) and bubble (E b, equ ) energies of UHP (Table 4) in order to compare identical explosive quantities and derive TNT equivalences (Table 5). Using literature data [37] for TNT first pulsation period, we obtain a 50 % TNT equivalence for bubble energy (explosive power). When it comes to shock pressure, we eliminate the contribution of the booster and calculate a 14 % equivalence with respect to C4.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Halleux

Pons

Wilson

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Carbamide Peroxide, an adduct of Urea and Hydrogen Peroxide, is commonly used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. However, it exhibits explosive properties and can be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals, making it a potential emerging threat. We carried out a detailed performance assessment, combining experiments, thermochemical calculations and numerical simulations and highlighted a good level of agreement between experimental data from lab, field and underwater firings. A maximum detonation velocity of 3.65 km/s was recorded for unconfined 25 kg UHP charges at 0.85 g/cm 3 (200 mm charge diameter). We determined in these conditions an infinite diameter detonation velocity of 3.94 km/s. These results are also consistent with previous results obtained at small scale under heavy confinement. Airblast measurements highlighted an average 40 % TNT equivalence for impulse and 55 % for peak overpressure at short distance, which are in good agreement with the 57 % (Power Index) calculated from Explo5, while 50 % for bubble energy (explosive power) and 20 % for shock pressure (brisance) were obtained from underwater experiments. The use of different experimental approaches has proven useful to characterise the performances parameters of a non-ideal explosive for risk assessment purposes. K E Y W O R D Sdetonation, non ideal explosive, performance, urea hydrogen peroxide | INTRODUCTIONCarbamide Peroxide or Urea Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) is commonly used in the dental, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. This adduct can also be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals. Like other oxidisers such as ammonium perchlorate [1] or ammonium nitrate [2], UHP exhibits explosive properties [3,4] and could represent a potential emerging threat. Determining UHP detonation performance parameters is hence important for safety purposes.Because there is a need to predict large-scale explosive behaviour from small-scale experiments [5], our

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Halleux

Pons

Wilson

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…All factors that may change their characteristics during operation should be taken into account. In relation to devices located in ship power plants, such factors are impulse interactions of considerable value, the source of which are usually underwater explosions and the influence of petroleum products [ 25 ]. The conducted tests allow the conclusion that shock absorbers selected in a way that does not take into account these two factors may be destroyed in a very short time, causing deterioration of the dynamic characteristics of the entire drive system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fatigue Wear Process of Rubber-Metal Shock Absorbers

et al. 2022

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Rubber and rubber-metal vibration isolators are widely used vibration isolation systems in marine applications. For naval application, shock absorber mounting systems must fulfil two functions. The first one supports the suspended mass in the absence of waving or detonation while providing isolation from vibrations and shock impact. In the second case, during the machine operation, it reduces the force of movement to an acceptable value. Moreover, it returns the insulated mass to the position output without plastic deformation or residual buckling after removing shock stresses or harmonic vibrations. The environment in which marine vibration isolators are to be used strongly influences the selection of a shock absorber. The main environmental problem is the temperature range in marine power plants, which ranges from 20 °C to 55 °C. Temperature fluctuations may cause changes in the physical properties of typical vibration/shock insulators. Both rubbers and elastomers used for shock absorbers tend to stiffen, gain low-temperature damping, and soften and lose damping at elevated temperatures. Factors such as moisture, ozone and changes in atmospheric pressure are usually ignored in shipbuilding. The main environmental factors influencing the ageing of insulators are liquid saturated hydrocarbons, i.e., oils, fuels, coolants, etc., which may come into contact with the surface of the insulators. This work presents the results of the research carried out to determine the effect of overload and the impact of petroleum products on the materials of metal-rubber shock absorbers made of three different rubbers and one polyurethane mixture. For each of the materials, shock absorbers with three different degrees of hardness were tested.

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“…An explosion is a violent combustion process with pressure build-up in fractions of a millisecond [14][15][16][17]. The nature of this process is determined by the dynamic conditions in which the explosive mixture is located, particularly the turbulence of the medium.…”

Section: Ship's Weapons System Structure Load / Opterećenje Strukture Brodskog Sustava Naoružanjamentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength Analysis of the Marine Weapon’s Construction

2021

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Due to the modernization of warships, it was necessary to carry out strength calculations for the newly assembled devices, for which there were no detailed technical requirements. The authors try to present and harmonize the requirements for naval military structures. The lack of experimental verification of newly built systems was indicated. Therefore the finite element method was used to determine the durability of the critical design elements. There is no explicit reference load in the literature, so the authors present a general solution to one of the worst cases. The work presents the cannon structure elements exposed to damage during the underwater explosion load, using the proposed methodology. The proposed method is sufficient to calculate individual ship cases. However, in the case of hull strength analysis, more complex algorithms should be used.

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Pressure Wave Caused by Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Underwater Explosion—Short Review

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

The Fatigue Wear Process of Rubber-Metal Shock Absorbers

Strength Analysis of the Marine Weapon’s Construction

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