Prevalence and 5- to 6-Year Incidence and Progression of Myopia and Hyperopia in Australian Schoolchildren

French, Amanda; Morgan, Ian G.; Burlutsky, George; Mitchell, Paul; Rose, Kathryn A.

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.018

Cited by 183 publications

(188 citation statements)

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“…In China, Zhao et al 17 reported a slightly lower annual incidence rate (7.8%) of myopia among 3899 schoolchildren (aged 5-13 years) in a rural district, and Zhou et al 24 reported a figure of 10.6% among 1591 children of similar age in a district with various urbanization levels. By contrast, Caucasian children were reported to have low and similar annual incidence of myopia in the United States (4.3% for 8-to 9-year-olds), 14 Australia (1.3% for 6-to 7-year-olds; 2.9% for 12-to 13-year-olds), 22 and the United Kingdom (2.2% for 6-to 7-year-olds; 0.7% for 12-to 13-year-olds). 23 Of interest, the annual incidence rates for the children of East Asian ethnicity living in the Sydney Metropolitan region (6.9% for 6-to 7-year-olds; 7.3% for 12-to 13-year-olds) 22 are comparable to those for rural populations of China and lower than those for children living in other metropolitan cities in East Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, or Taipei, which indicates that environmental and lifestyle differences may play an important role in the development of childhood myopia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] According to the results of population-based studies using autorefraction, East Asian children appeared to have a higher incidence of myopia than Caucasian children. [13][14][15]17,18,[22][23][24] A 1-year longitudinal cohort study in Hong Kong revealed a mean annual incident rate of 14.41% among 3149 children aged between 5 and 16 years at baseline. 18 The annual incidence rates were reported by Saw et al 13 to be 15.9%, 12.8%, and 10.8% for 7-, 8-, and 9-year-old Singaporean children (n ¼ 569), respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Myopia Development Among Young Schoolchildren: The Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei

Tsai¹,

Fang

Huang

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To investigate the annual incidence of myopia and associated factors among young schoolchildren in Taipei City. METHODS.The Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei was a citywide, population-based cohort study. During the fall 2013 semester (baseline), a total of 11,590 grade 2 schoolchildren completed ocular examination and were included for further analysis. A parent-completed questionnaire was administered to collect data on risk factors for myopia development. Follow-up visits were arranged biannually over 3 years. The first-year results are reported here. Schoolchildren who were emmetropic/hyperopic at baseline and had myopia (spherical equivalent À0.5 diopters) in either eye at follow-up were identified as having incident myopia.RESULTS. Among 7376 baseline nonmyopic participants, 6794 (92.1%) were examined during the first-year follow-up, and 1856 (25.2%) with incident myopia were identified. The incidence density of myopia was 31.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.6-32.8) per 100 person-years. Cox hazard proportional regression analysis revealed that participants who were emmetropic at baseline (hazards ratio [HR]: 19.37; 95% CI: 4.84-77.57), who had two myopic parents (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.04-1.42), and who spent ‡5 hours every week on afterschool tutoring programs (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.22) had greater risk for incident myopia. By contrast, protective factors included suburban area of residence (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.83-1.00) and spending ‡30 minutes outdoors after school every weekday (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82-0.99).CONCLUSIONS. This study provides population-based data on the annual incidence of myopia among Taiwanese schoolchildren, and found that baseline refractive status, parental myopia, area of residence, time outdoors after school on weekdays, and time spent on after-school tutoring programs are associated with risk of new-onset myopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia Development Among Young Schoolchildren: The Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei

Tsai¹,

Fang

Huang

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…The cross-sectional prevalence of myopia in Australian schoolchildren was reported to be 42.7% and 59.1% in 12-year-old and 17-year-old school-aged children of East Asian ethnicity, respectively, whereas the corresponding prevalence rates in European Caucasian children of the same age were 8.3% and 17.7%, respectively. 9 Variations in the prevalence of myopia in children of different geographical areas have also been widely reported. Considerable regional difference exists from country to country even within the same geographical area.…”

Section: Prevalence In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Recent epidemiological studies also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. Various environmental factors related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been reported, and are widely considered to be possibly responsible for these changes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of myopia

Foster

Jiang²

2014

Eye

337

270

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Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, dense cataract, and glaucoma. In recent years, reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas now give a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions, and also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent, industrialised areas of East Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The past decade has seen a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that determine refractive error, giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. This review summarizes data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia.

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“…Uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of vision impairment in children,2 with myopia being the most frequently seen refractive error, especially in East and Southeast Asian countries,3 such as Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and parts of mainland China 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Elsewhere in the world as in North America, Australia, Europe and Middle East, the prevalence of myopia is also on the rise but at a slower pace 16, 17, 18, 19. As a consequence, the prevalence of high myopia is also on the rise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Zhao

Sankaridurg

et al. 2017

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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ImportanceNearly half of children suffering vision impairment reside in China with myopia accounting for the vast majority.BackgroundTo describe the design and methodology of the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large‐scale Eye Study (SCALE).DesignThe SCALE was a city wide, school‐based, prospective survey.ParticipantsChildren and adolescents aged 4–14 years from kindergarten (middle and senior), primary schools and junior high schools of all 17 districts and counties of the city of Shanghai, China were examined in 2012–2013.MethodsEach enrolled child underwent vision assessment (distance visual acuity; uncorrected and with corrective device if worn) and their parent/carer completed a questionnaire designed to elicit risk factors associated with myopia. Additionally, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular axial length was measured in a subset of the larger sample.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and the associated factors of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in Shanghai.ResultsIn 2012–2013, a total of 910 245 of the eligible 1 196 763 children and adolescents identified from census (76%, mean age 9.0 ± 2.7 years [4–14 years]) were enrolled with visual acuity screened in the city of Shanghai. Of these, 610 952 children (67% of the entire sample) underwent non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and 219 188 (24% of the entire sample) had both non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe study results will provide insights on the burden of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in children and adolescents in a metropolitan area of China, and contribute to the policies and strategies to address and limit the burden.

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Prevalence and 5- to 6-Year Incidence and Progression of Myopia and Hyperopia in Australian Schoolchildren

Cited by 183 publications

References 45 publications

Myopia Development Among Young Schoolchildren: The Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei

Myopia Development Among Young Schoolchildren: The Myopia Investigation Study in Taipei

Epidemiology of myopia

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

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