Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy Pigs

Abstract

This study was conducted to isolate generic extended-spectrum β-lactam (ESBL)-resistant enterobacteria from pigs reared in Enugu State Southeast, Nigeria and determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Rectal swabs were collected from 190, randomly selected, apparently healthy pigs. Isolation of ESBL-resistant enterobacteria was done using Mac Conkey agar supplemented with 2 µg/ml of cefotaxime. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. Out of 46 ESBL-resistant enterobacterial isolates, 4 (8.7%) were Escherichia coli, 11 (23.9%) were Salmonella species, while 31 (67.4%) were Klebsiella species. Resistance of the Salmonella isolates was 45.5% to ciprofloxacin, 36.4% to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, 9.1% to norfloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin, 27.3% to streptomycin, 72.7% to chloramphenicol and 90.9% to tetracycline. Resistance of the Klebsiella isolates was 93.5% to ampicillin, 12.9% to ciprofloxacin, 19.4% to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, 9.7% to norfloxacin and streptomycin, 64.5% to chloramphenicol and 38.7% to tetracycline. Resistance of the E. coli isolates was 100% to gentamicin, 75% to ampicillin and streptomycin, 50% to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and 25% to ofloxacin, levofloxacin and amikacin. All the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, cefpodoxime, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and aztreonam. Resistance of the isolates to more than 3 classes of antibacterial agents tested was 54.8% for Klebsiella, 90.9% for Salmonella and 100% for E. coli, respectively. This study has shown that pigs reared in Enugu State Southeast, Nigeria, are colonized by ESBL-resistant Enterobactericeae and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Among Gram Negative Bacilli Recovered from Cattle Feces In Benin City, Nigeria

“…Susceptibility profile of ESBL producing organisms recovered from cattle feces The genus Salmonella were the highest producers of ESBL in the current study. In a previous study evaluating rectal swabs of pigs in Nigeria, Salmonella species ranked next to Klebsiella species in ESBL production (Ugwu et al, 2015). The finding is also in contrast to previous studies on human specimens in South, North-West and South-West Nigeria which observed Enterobacter species and Klebsiella species as the most prevalent producers of ESBL (Ogefere et al, 2015;Ogbolu et al, 2011;Yusuf et al, 2013).…”

“…(22.2%) in South-East Nigeria (Duru et al, 2013;Ugwu et al, 2015). These discrepancies, in addition to paucity of data on the prevalence of ESBL among cattle in SouthSouth Nigeria necessitated the current study.…”

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy Dogs

“…The variation in ampicillin resistance recorded in these studies could be related to differences in usage of ampicillin in the various study areas . Ampicillin is not known to be a drug of choice in small animal medicine in Nigeria, but it is frequently used in humans (alone or in combination with cloxacillin) and food-producing animals (Chah and Nweze, 2001;Ugwu et al, 2015). Thus, these factors could also have contributed to high ampicillin resistance observed in this study (Ljungquist et al, 2016).…”

“…The high rate of extended-spectrum β-lactam resistance in this study may be as a result of frequent use of extended-spectrum β-lactams in small animal medicine in Nigeria. Moreover, extended-spectrum β-lactams are also frequently used in Nigerian hospitals, and high prevalence of ESBL-resistant organisms in food animals, is a good indication that the drugs are used in these animals in the country Ugwu et al, 2015). Thus, many potential sources of ESBLs genes existed, acquisition of the genes by the isolates might have been facilitated by poor personal and public hygiene in Nigeria (Woerther et al, 2013;Schaufler et al, 2013).…”

“…As commensal organisms in the intestinal tract of animals, ESBL-resistant enterobacteria haboured by dogs may be discharged into the environment, thereby serving as disseminators of genes encoding β-lactam resistance (Costa et al, 2008;Pfeiffer et al, 2010;Tuerena et al, 2016). Beta-lactam resistance genes present in the discharged enterobacteria could be acquired by horizontal transfer to pathogenic human bacteria, thereby complicating infections and compromising antibacterial therapy in carriers (Caratolli et al, 2005;Ugwu et al, 2015;Ljungquist et al, 2016).…”