Prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in Lebanon: A literature review

Hajj, Magalie El

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102800

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Concomitantly with other studies comparing prevalence values between university students’ samples and the general population, the latter values are hardly comparable with values from the Lebanese general population. In fact, almost all the studies from Lebanon about PTSD were cross-sectional, and focused on specific sub-groups from the population [ 24 ], such as South Lebanese civilians [ 48 ], battered women [ 49 ], victims of blasts [ 50 ], and hospitalized men after armed conflicts [ 51 ]. Thus, a wide range of PTSD prevalence estimates was found, varying from 2 to 98% [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, almost all the studies from Lebanon about PTSD were cross-sectional, and focused on specific sub-groups from the population [ 24 ], such as South Lebanese civilians [ 48 ], battered women [ 49 ], victims of blasts [ 50 ], and hospitalized men after armed conflicts [ 51 ]. Thus, a wide range of PTSD prevalence estimates was found, varying from 2 to 98% [ 24 ]. Another hardship would be as well, to compare the rates of PTSD that we found in our sample to other values from other university students’ samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lebanon, a Middle Eastern country, is in the midst of constant regional turmoil and adjacent warzones. Lebanese people are plagued with both macro and micro-traumas which puts them at higher risk of having PTSD [ 24 ]. The prevalence of PTSD in teenagers who went through the Lebanese 2006 July War, ranged from 15.4 to 35.0% [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As explored by a recent study among University students in China, 14.1% of college students who experienced a major earthquake, developed PTSD [ 28 ]. Lebanese university students have survived constant Middle Eastern changes [ 24 ], and a global COVID-19 pandemic [ 29 ], adding to the potentially stressful time experienced by undergraduate students while transitioning to university [ 30 ], that’s why opting for avoidance as a potential coping mechanism would seem possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Beirut blast and the economic crisis among Lebanese University students: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that develops in some people after they have experienced a stunning, scary, or dangerous incident. Due to major disasters like as the Economic Crisis and the Beirut Blast, Lebanese people are struggling with a variety of mental health issues. The study objectives were to find the rate of PTSD and its association with stress, anxiety, depression, financial well-being and coping strategies among university students in Lebanon. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, conducted between May and August 2021, which enrolled 419 university students from all districts of Lebanon. The PTSD Checklist-Specific Version (PCL-S) was used to evaluate manifestation of PSTD. Results The results showed that 132 (31.5%), 109 (26.0%) and 169 (40.3%) had PTSD from COVID, Beirut blast and economic crisis respectively. More avoidant coping (Beta = 0.52) and more anxiety (Beta = 0.62) were significantly associated with more PTSD from the Beirut Blast. More avoidant coping (Beta = 0.56), depression (Beta = 0.40) and anxiety (Beta = 0.49) were significantly associated with more PTSD from the economic crisis, whereas more financial wellbeing (Beta = − 0.31) was significantly associated with less PTSD from the economic crisis. Conclusion Significant rates of PTSD were found in our sample of Lebanese university students, whether from the Beirut blast, or from the current economic crisis. Significant correlations of these PTSD rates were found with factors such as avoidant coping, depression, anxiety and financial wellbeing. Such findings must raise the attention to serious mental and psychosocial alteration endured by Lebanese youth that are still under fatal cumulative traumatic events, that were and even may be, intergenerationally and unintentionally transmissible, therefore, affecting not only the present, but also the future of a whole nation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rate and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Beirut blast and the economic crisis among Lebanese University students: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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“…People say it is hard to stay truly positive in Lebanon. This country has been under continuous conflict for more than four decades, putting millions of Lebanese at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and creating a complex concept known as collective trauma ( El Hajj, 2021 ). On top of that, this small country has been recently paralyzed by many tragedies including the economic collapse, COVID-19, and the fourth of August Beirut port explosion, the world’s most powerful non-nuclear explosion ( Farran, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Positivity Among a Sample of Lebanese University Students

et al. 2022

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BackgroundPeople say it is hard to stay truly positive in Lebanon. Studies showed that 63% of Lebanese young adults are highly dissatisfied with their country. In fact, young adults are the most vulnerable population to stressors in Lebanon since their future is at stake and it is their time to shape their lives in a country that cripples them. This study aimed to assess factors (flourishing, religious coping, experiences in life, and the economic burden) associated with positivity among a sample of Lebanese university students despite the various stressors they are facing on top of the economic collapse and the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2021. A total of 333 participants (219 females and 114 males; mean age = 22.95 ± 4.79 years) was recruited through convenience sampling and snowball technique through several areas in Lebanon’s governorates. A linear regression taking the positivity score as the dependent variable was adopted and all variables that showed a correlation > │0.24│ in absolute value were entered in the final model as independent.ResultsA linear regression taking the positivity score as the dependent variable showed that more positive experiences in life (Beta = 0.49; 95% CI 0.35–0.62), more flourishing (Beta = 0.10; 95% CI 0.05–0.14), living in rural area compared to urban (Beta = 3.06; 95% CI 2.02–4.11), and female gender (Beta = 1.56; 95% CI 0.50–2.61) were significantly associated with more positivity (Nagelkerke R2 of the model = 45.8%).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the youth’s positivity is strongly affected by age, gender, residency, and the country they live in that will both directly and indirectly shape their life experiences and their ability to flourish and prosper. Along with all the efforts done to help during this collapse and alleviate the stress that young adults are enduring, follow-up studies are still needed to determine accurate coping techniques that pushes these young adults to think positively in a country where negativity reigns and all else fails.

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Persistence and outcomes of ICD-11 complex PTSD in the community: A nine-month longitudinal investigation in Hong Kong

Po,

Lam,

Chen

et al. 2023

Asian Journal of Psychiatry

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Prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in Lebanon: A literature review

Cited by 21 publications

References 38 publications

Rate and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Beirut blast and the economic crisis among Lebanese University students: a cross-sectional study

Rate and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the Beirut blast and the economic crisis among Lebanese University students: a cross-sectional study

Correlates of Positivity Among a Sample of Lebanese University Students

Persistence and outcomes of ICD-11 complex PTSD in the community: A nine-month longitudinal investigation in Hong Kong

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