Prevalence and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant (Type ACSSuT) Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains in Isolates from Four Gosling Farms and a Hatchery Farm

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains of phage types DT104 and U302 are often resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (the ACSSuT resistance type) and are major zoonotic pathogens. Increased consumption of goose meat may enhance the risk of transferring S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and other enteric pathogens from geese to human due to the consumption of meats from infected geese or improper preparation of meats. Therefore, we characterized S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains isolated from four goose farms (farms A, B, C, and D) and one hatchery farm (farm E) to determine the epidemic and genetic differences among them. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and multiplex PCR confirmed that 77.6% (52/67) of strains were ACSSuT strains isolated from farms A, C, and E. Antibioticsusceptible strains were isolated mostly from farm B, and no strain was observed in farm D. All ACSSuT strains harbored a 94.7-kb virulence plasmid and contained one 1.1-kb conserved segment identical to that of Salmonella genomic island 1. Four genotypes were determined among these S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of XbaI-digested DNA fragments. Most isolates (85.29%; 29/34) of major genotype Ib were ACSSuT strains isolated mainly from goslings of farm C and egg membranes of farm E, a hatchery farm, suggesting that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains in isolates from goslings might originate from its hatchery, from the egg membranes to the gosling fluff after hatching. Multiple phage types, types 8, 12, U283, DT104, and U302, were identified. In conclusion, geese were a reservoir of diverse multidrug-resistant (type ACSSuT) S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains, and each farm was colonized with genetically closely related S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains.

In-Feed Use of Heavy Metal Micronutrients in U.S. Swine Production Systems and Its Role in Persistence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonellae

“…The two multidrug-resistant R-types AmClStSuTe and AmStTeKm were observed to be the highest-occurrence resistance types in the Salmonella isolates in this study; however, their occurrence varied by the type of heavy metal tolerance gene carriage. It should be noted that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains of phage type DT104, often containing the R-type AmClStSuTe, are some of the major strains reported worldwide and are commonly isolated from humans and food animals (52,53). While there have been very limited studies conducted to date investigating the association between heavy metal tolerance and specific antimicrobial resistance patterns, a study in 1984 in drinking water reported the overall association between copper and zinc tolerance and antimicrobial resistance (54).…”

Using molecular techniques for rapid detection of Salmonella serovars in frozen chicken and chicken products collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

“…Imported birds and animals may serve to introduce different Salmonella species to the local area that can cause new and devastating outbreaks (Altekruse et al, 1999;Sareyyupoglu et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2008). The isolation and identification of salmonellae from clinical samples by traditional cultural techniques requires laborious procedures which can last up to 7 days (Stone et al, 1994), so there is a need for the development of innovative methods for the rapid identification of Salmonella food-borne pathogen to over come these drawbacks.…”

Bacteriological characterization of Salmonella species isolated from laying ducks

“…The isolation frequency of Salmonella strains resistant to one or more antibiotics have increased in the Saudi Arabia, United States, United Kingdom and other countries of the world. This is due to the increased and uncontrolled use as well as easy accessibility to antibiotics in many countries of the world (Gross et al, 1998;Yu et al, 2008). Emerging resistance in Salmonella Typhi has been described especially in Africa and Asia and the appearance of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in the late 1980s raised main public health concern, thereby threatening the lives of infected individuals (Grob et al, 1998;Montville and Matthews, 2008).…”