Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in the Indian social class and heart survey

Abstract

To determine the association of socio-economic status 1.05-1.14; women 1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.13), body mass (SES) and prevalence of hypertension and its risk facindex (odds ratio: men 1.12, 1.08-1.18; women 1.11, tors in a rural population, a cross sectional survey was 1.06-1.16) and sedentary lifestyle (odds ratio: men 1.45, conducted in two randomly selected villages in the 1.32-1.58; women 1.38, 1.26-1.49). Only weak but sigMoradabad district in North India. There were 1935 resinificant associations were observed with smoking, alcodents aged over 25 (984 men and 951 women) who were hol and salt intake. The association of hypertension with randomly selected and categorised into social classes social class was reduced after adjustment of body mass 1-4 depending upon SES based on occupation, housing index, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and salt intake (odds conditions, land holding, total per capita income, ownerratio: men 0.96, 0.81-1.14; women 0.73, 0.54 -1.04). ship of consumer durables and education. The prevaThere was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension lence of hypertension diagnosed by JNC V criteria and age-specific blood pressure (BP) with increasing (Ͼ140/90 mm Hg) was significantly higher among social age in both sexes. The overall prevalence of hypertenclass 1 and 2 and showed positive relation with SES in sion by WHO criteria (Ͼ160/95) was 4.6% and by JNC V both sexes. Among social class 1 and 2 subjects, there criteria 20.8%, and the rates were comparable in both was a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity and sexes. Social class 1 and 2 subjects in rural North India sedentary lifestyle. Logistic regression analysis with have a higher prevalence of hypertension and its risk adjustment of age showed that SES had a positive factors of overweight and sedentary lifestyle. relation with hypertension (odds ratio: men 1.09, 95% CI

Gender differences in prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of hypertension: findings from the WHO STEPs survey in a rural community of Vietnam

“…24,25 The prevalence of hypertension in Bavi was low compared to national figures in developed countries such as the United States of America, Australia and the United Kingdom, as well as other developing countries such as Thailand, Indonesia and China. 4,[26][27][28] Comparing studies conducted in rural areas in developing countries, the hypertension prevalence found in this study was slightly lower than the one revealed in a rural community of India (17.3% among people aged 25-64 years) 29 but higher than the figures of 15% in a remote rural region of Pakistan 11 and of 10% in rural communities of Iran. 30 This study also revealed an unacceptably high percentage of hypertensives (83%) not being aware of their high blood pressure.…”

Hypertension and stroke in Asia: prevalence, control and strategies in developing countries for prevention

“…According to old WHO guidelines, the prevalence of hypertension in rural populations also showed an increase (Table 6). Shah in Mumbai 49 reported a prevalence 18 In south India, Kerala 67 the prevalence was as high as 17.8 ± 1.1% in a suburban village. It seems that there is a significant increase in the prevalence of hypertension in the last few decades in India (Mantel-Haenzel 2 = 5.93, P Ͻ 0.01).…”

“…5,[15][16][17][18] Studies from the cities of Ludhiana, 60 Bombay, 55 Jaipur 73 and Moradabad 17 showed a prevalence of more than 10%. Statistical analysis of this trend in comparable surveys showed a significant increase demonstrated by non-parametric analysis (Mantel-Haenzel 2 = 6.11 P Ͻ 0.01).…”

“…It is now also considered important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in developing countries. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] While prevalence and mortality due to CVD is rapidly declining in most developed countries, it is in sharp contrast rising in the developing countries. Hypertension is the major cause of stroke which may be associated with cerebral infarction or haemorrhage.…”

“…Cardiovascular diseases were on average already becoming a significant cause of death in developing countries between 1970 and 1975, whereas the corresponding period in developed countries was 50 years earlier, in the 1920s. Recent studies [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] indicate that CVD has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality by the year 2000.…”