Prevalence and Effects of Daily and Major Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Microaggressions among Black Individuals in Canada

Cénat, Jude Mary; Hajizadeh, Saba; Dalexis, Rosy Darly; Ndengeyingoma, Assumpta; Guerrier, Mireille; Kogan, Cary S.

doi:10.1177/08862605211023493

Cited by 41 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…In other words, Black people do not escape everyday racism, or are not protected from racism, by achieving higher class or social status, through social mobility or by improved access to the social determinants of health. This finding is consistent with results from previous research [ 20 , 21 , 26 – 28 ]. It suggests that anti-Black racism is deeply entrenched in Canadian society and may be more commonly experienced when Black people are making gains in social mobility.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Consistent with previous research [ 20 ], Canadian-born participants were more likely than those who were born abroad to report experiencing racism. Canadian-born participants may have greater exposure to Canadian institutions than those who were born abroad, which may increase their exposure to inter-personal forms of racism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…This high incidence is consistent with Black people’s previously reported experience of racism, and the prominence of racism in their lives. For example, in a previous survey of 845 Black Canadians aged 15–40 years old, 40% of respondents reported experiencing racism in the week before the survey [ 20 ]. In another survey of racism in Canada, 42% of Black respondents reported that Black people are ‘often’ treated unfairly because of ‘race’, and an equivalent proportion (41%) indicated that Black people ‘sometimes’ experience unfair treatment for the same reason [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We evaluated the factors associated with experiences of racism using multivariable generalised linear models, adjusting for age, city, employment, sex, sexual orientation (homosexual, bisexual, questioning and other sexualities operationalized as ‘LGBTQ + ’), place of birth (born in Canada or elsewhere), level of education, ability to meet basic needs, housing situation and social capital index. Previous research suggested that reported experiences of racial discrimination varied with these and similar measures of socio-demographic status [ 20 , 21 ]. In the current analysis, age categories were entered into the models as an ordinal score, and, in the multivariable models, covariates were entered as a block [ 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Canadians’ Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities

et al. 2022

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This study explores the social determinants of Black Canadians’ exposure to everyday racism, its relationship to health system access, and implications for health promotion. We used data from the A/C Study survey on HIV transmission and prevention among Black Canadians. We implemented the survey ( N = 1360) in 2018–2019 in Toronto and Ottawa—two large cities that together account for 42% of Canada’s Black population—among self-identified Black residents aged 15–64 years, who were born in sub-Sahara Africa or the Caribbean or had a parent who was born in those regions. Participants reported racist encounters in the preceding 12 months using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. We assessed the socio-demographic correlates of racist experiences and the impact of racism on health system access using multivariable generalised linear models. Sixty percent of participants reported experiencing racism in the preceding 12 months. Based on the adjusted odds ratios, participants were more likely to experience racism if they were older, employed, Canadian-born, had higher levels of education, self-identified as LGBTQ + and reported generally moderate access to basic needs and adequate housing; and less likely to experience racism if they lived in Ottawa, self-identified as female or reported higher levels of social capital. Visiting a healthcare provider or facility, and difficulty accessing healthcare were associated with racist experiences. Racist experiences diminished the likelihood of being tested for HIV. Racist experiences were widespread, especially among those with higher levels of social wellbeing or greater exposure to Canadian institutions. Study participants also associated racist experiences with the healthcare system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Canadians’ Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities

et al. 2022

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“…In consideration of why this myth is so deeply rooted, a recent study examined the prevalence and effects of different forms of racial discrimination among Black Canadians (Cénat et al, 2021). Within, the authors suggest Canadian public policies generally promote racial equality which may in actuality blind the public, prevent change, and serve to widen disparities/inequities among Black groups.…”

Section: Canadian and American Explicit Biases Are Near Identicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit racial bias across ethnoracial groups in Canada and the United States and Black mental health.

Gran-Ruaz¹,

Feliciano²,

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

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Black Canadians and Americans experience disparities in access to quality mental health care and mental health overall. Implicit biases are unconscious, automatically activated attitudes and stereotypes, with the potential to yield racist behaviors. To date, research has focused on health provider bias and resultant consequences in the decision-making/treatment of racialized groups. Little has been done to characterize implicit anti-Black biases within White and non-White members of the general population or examine the relationship between biases and Black people's mental wellness. Black-White Implicit Association Test (BW-IAT; n = 450,185) data were used to detect the presence of implicit biases within 10 ethnoracial groups and compare Bias Scores between Canada and the United States. Mean BW-IAT Bias Scores were also assessed against participant explicit biases using warmth ratings and the Modern Racism Scale (MRS). Finally, state-level BW-IAT scores were used to predict state-based Black American mental health-related mortality using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) data set. Findings indicated: (a) the most ethnoracial groups have anti-Black implicit biases; (b) Canadian and American implicit biases are near identical; (c) explicit and implicit Bias Scores are weakly related, and Canadian and American explicit biases are near identical; and (d) implicit bias predicts poor mental health outcomes for Black Americans, even when controlling for explicit bias and White outcomes. This work underscores the need to dismantle ideologies of White superiority and the resultant oppressive attitudes, stereotypes, and behaviors present in the general population. This work also calls for accessible, province-level, race-based mental health data on underserved groups. Public Significance StatementTo date, few researchers have explored the impact of implicit biases on the health of people of color outside of a medical setting. Fewer still have considered the relationship between implicit biases held by the general population, both White and non-White, and Black peoples' mental health. This study is among the first to focus on the measurable existence of implicit racial biases within ethnoracial groups toward Black persons in the United States and Canada, as well as the possible impacts of implicit biases on the mental health of Black people in America.

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Incidence, factors, and disparities related to cancer among Black individuals in Canada: A scoping review

Cénat

Dromer

Darius

et al. 2022

Cancer

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Background In Canada, two of five individuals will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime and one in four will die from this disease. Given the disparities observed in health research among Black individuals, we conducted a scoping review to analyze the state of cancer research in Canadian Black communities regarding prevalence, incidence, screening, mortality, and related factors to observe advances and identify gaps and disparities. Methods A comprehensive search strategy was developed and executed in December 2021 across 10 databases (e.g., Embase). Of 3451 studies generated by the search, 19 were retained for extraction and included in this study. Results Studies were focused on a variety of cancer types among Black individuals including anal, breast, cervical, colorectal, gastric, lung, and prostate cancers. They included data on incidence, stage of cancer at diagnosis, type of care received, diagnostic interval length, and screening. A few studies also demonstrated racial disparities among Black individuals. This research reveals disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada. Conclusions Given the gaps observed in cancer studies among Black individuals, federal and provincial governments and universities should consider creating special funds to generate research on this important health issue. Plain language summary Important gaps were observed on research on cancer among Black communities in Canada. Studies included in the scoping review highlights disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada.

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Prevalence and Effects of Daily and Major Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Microaggressions among Black Individuals in Canada

Cited by 41 publications

References 59 publications

Black Canadians’ Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities

Black Canadians’ Exposure to Everyday Racism: Implications for Health System Access and Health Promotion among Urban Black Communities

Implicit racial bias across ethnoracial groups in Canada and the United States and Black mental health.

Incidence, factors, and disparities related to cancer among Black individuals in Canada: A scoping review

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