Prevalence and Genotyping of<i>Cryptosporidium</i>Infection in Pet Parrots in North China

Zhang, Xiaoxuan; Zhang, Nian‐Zhang; Zhao, Guanghui; Zhao, Quan; Zhu, Xing‐Quan

doi:10.1155/2015/549798

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Cryptosporidiosis has been reported in more than 30 avian species worldwide, primarily causing respiratory and enteric infections in birds [ 1 , 33 ]. Cryptosporidium avium , which is naturally detected in the red-crowned parakeet ( Cyanoramphus novaezealandiae ), rosy-faced lovebird ( Agapornis roseicollis ), chicken ( Gallus gallus ), blue-fronted Amazon ( Amazona aestiva ), Mitchell’s cockatoo ( Lophochroaleadbeateri ), cockatiel ( Nymphicus holandicus ) and budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus ), can also infect hens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) and budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) in experimental models [ 1 , 5 , 12 , 34 – 37 ]. In the present study, fecal examination of infected animals revealed fully sporulated C. avium oocysts in hens and ducks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium avium provides new information on parasitic sites within the host

Cui

Wang

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundCryptosporidium spp. are protozoans that cause diarrheal illness in humans and animals, including birds, worldwide. The present study was aimed to revisit the infectivity and pathogenicity of C. avium, recently considered to be a valid avian-infecting species of Cryptosporidium, and foster further understanding of its biological characteristics.ResultsResults showed that no Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the feces of experimentally inoculated BALB/c mice, Mongolian gerbils, quail or budgerigars within 30 days post-infection (dpi). Oocysts were first detected in feces of 3-day-old and 40-day-old hens at 8 and 9 dpi, respectively. In ducks infected with C. avium, oocysts were first detected at 9 dpi. Oocysts of infected animals were studied using a nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the SSU rRNA gene, actin gene, HSP70 gene and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene (COWP) detection. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), using SspI and VspI restriction enzymes, was carried out to genotype the species and obtained amplification products were sequenced. Cryptosporidium developmental stages were found in the longitudinal plica of the bursa fabricii (BF) of hens, with high levels observed in histological sections and scanning electron microscopy. No pathological changes were observed.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the bursa fabricii may be the primary site of C. avium infection. More biological data are needed to support the establishment of new species and contribute to the taxonomy of Cryptosporidium.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3088-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium avium provides new information on parasitic sites within the host

Cui

Wang

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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“…avium was identified in one sample and has been described in the trachea/lung and cloaca of a cockatiel (ABE et al, 2015), the kidney and cloaca (CURTISS et al, 2015) and in fecal samples of budgerigars, Amazon parrots, cockatiels and Major Mitchell's cockatoos QI et al, 2011;NAKAMURA et al, 2014;ZHANG et al, 2015). Nardi (2015) also found low positivity (1.0%; 2/204) for C. avium in canary fecal samples.…”

Section: Fecal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive canaries (Serinus canaria) using different diagnostic methods

Camargo

Santana

Ferrari

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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This study used several diagnostic methods to examine the occurrence of and molecularly characterize Cryptosporidium spp. in captive canaries (Serinus canaria) in southern and southeastern Brazil. A total of 498 fecal samples were purified by centrifugal-flotation using Sheather's solution. Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosis was performed using three diagnostic methods: malachite green negative staining, nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing the amplified fragments, and duplex real-time PCR targeting the 18S rRNA specific to detect Cryptosporidium galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III. The overall positivity for Cryptosporidium spp. (total samples positive in at least one protocol) from the microscopic analysis, nested PCR and duplex real-time PCR protocol results was 13.3% (66/498). The positivity rates were 2.0% (10/498) and 4.6% (23/498) for Cryptosporidium spp. by microscopy and nested PCR, respectively. Sequencing of 20 samples amplified by nested PCR identified C. galli (3.0%; 15/498), Cryptosporidium avian genotype I (0.8%; 4/498) and Cryptosporidium avium (0.2%; 1/498). Duplex real-time PCR revealed a positivity of 7.8% (39/498) for C. galli and 2.4% (12/498) for avian genotype III. Malachite green negative staining differed significantly from nested PCR in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. Duplex real-time PCR was more sensitive than nested PCR/sequencing for detecting gastric Cryptosporidium in canaries.Keywords: Cryptosporidiosis, birds, diagnosis, epidemiology. ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a ocorrência e realizar a caracterização molecular de Cryptosporidium spp. em 498 amostras fecais de canários (Serinus canaria) criados em cativeiro, utilizando três métodos de diagnóstico: análise microscópica pela coloração negativa com verde malaquita, nested PCR seguida de sequenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados e PCR duplex em tempo real específica para detecção de Cryptosporidium galli e Cryptosporidium genótipo III de aves. A positividade total para Cryptosporidium spp. (total de amostras positivas em pelo menos um método de diagnóstico) obtida pela análise microscópica, nested PCR e PCR duplex em tempo real foi de 13,3% (66/498). As taxas de positividade para Cryptosporidium spp. foram 2,0% (10/498) e 4,6% (23/498) por microscopia e nested PCR, respectivamente. O sequenciamento de 20 amostras amplificadas pela nested PCR identificou C. galli (3,0%; 15/498), Cryptosporidium genótipo I de aves (0,8%; 4/498) e Cryptosporidium avium (0,2%; 1/498). A PCR duplex em tempo real revelou positividade de 7,8% (39/498) para C. galli e 2,4% (12/498) para Cryptosporidium genótipo III de aves. A análise microscópica diferiu significativamente da nested PCR para detecção de Cryptosporidium spp. A PCR duplex em tempo real apresentou maior sensibilidade que a nested PCR/sequenciamento para detectar as espécies/genótipos gástricos de Cryptosporidium.

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“…is a recent development in China (Chen and Huang, 2007 ; Wang et al, 2008a , b , c ), genotyping and subtyping tools are now widely used in the characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in various animals (Karim et al, 2014 ; Liu et al, 2014a , b , 2015a , b ; Ma et al, 2014 , 2015 ; Qi et al, 2014 , 2015a , b , d , 2016 ; Wang L. et al, 2014 ; Ye et al, 2014 ; Zhao et al, 2014 ; Du et al, 2015 ; Li J. et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Liu A. et al, 2015 ; Li W. et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Qi, M. Z., et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2015a , b ; Zhang et al, 2015a , b ; Zhao G. H. et al, 2015 ; Zhao Z. et al, 2015 ; Jian et al, 2016 ; Li F. et al, 2016 ; Li P. et al, 2016 ; Li Q. et al, 2016 ; Peng et al, 2016 ; Taylan-Ozkan et al, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2016 ; Zhang S. et al, 2016 ; Deng et al, 2017 ; Gong et al, 2017 ; Zou et al, 2017 ). The use of molecular diagnostic tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of significant differences in the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiologic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

2017

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Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is an active research area in China. The use of genotyping and subtyping tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. Human cryptosporidiosis in China is exemplified by the high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. at species and subtype levels, with dominant C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes being rarely detected in other countries. Similarly, preweaned dairy calves, lambs, and goat kids are mostly infected with non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis in calves and C. xiaoi in lambs and goat kids), with C. parvum starting to appear in dairy calves as a consequence of concentrated animal feeding operations. The latter Cryptosporidium species is dominated by IId subtypes, with IIa subtypes largely absent from the country. Unlike elsewhere, rodents in China appear to be commonly infected with C. parvum IId subtypes, with identical subtypes being found in these animals, calves, other livestock, and humans. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens appear to be significant contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water sources, as reflected by the frequent detection of C. suis, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis in water samples. Chinese scientists have also made significant contributions to the development of new molecular epidemiological tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and improvements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the emergence of hyper-transmissible and virulent C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes. Despite this progress, coordinated research efforts should be made to address changes in Cryptosporidium transmission because of rapid economic development in China and to prevent the introduction and spread of virulent and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in farm animals.

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Prevalence and Genotyping ofCryptosporidiumInfection in Pet Parrots in North China

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Revisiting the infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium avium provides new information on parasitic sites within the host

Revisiting the infectivity and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium avium provides new information on parasitic sites within the host

Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in captive canaries (Serinus canaria) using different diagnostic methods

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

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