Prevalence and incidence of frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Slovenia

Abstract

Introduction Frailty is recognized as one of the most important global health challenges as the population is aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence and incidence of frailty, and associated factors, among the population of older adults in Slovenia compared to other European countries. Methods The prevalence and 4-year incidence of frailty among older adults (≥65 years) were evaluated using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Frailty was defined by the SHARE operationalization of Frailty phenotype. Multiple logistic regression model was used to explore factors associated with frailty. Results Age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of frailty and pre-frailty in Slovenia were 14.9% (13.3-16.5) and 42.5% (39.8-45.2), respectively. Factors (OR, 95% CI) associated with increased frailty in Slovenia included age (7584 years: 5.03 (3.08-8.22); ≥85 years 21.7 (10.6-44.7) vs. 65-74 years), self-rated health (fair: 4.58 (2.75-7.61), poor: 54.6 (28.1-105.9) vs. excellent/very good/good), number of chronic diseases (1.20 (1.03-1.40)), and polypharmacy (yes: 3.25 (1.93-5.48) vs. no). Female gender and lower education were significantly associated with pre-frailty, but not frailty, in the adjusted model. Independently of these characteristics, age-standardized prevalence of frailty varied among geographical regions. Age-standardized 4-year incidence of frailty and pre-frailty in Slovenia were 6.6% (3.0-10.1) and 40.2% (32.7-47.6), respectively. Conclusion Among the Slovenian population of older adults aged 65 years and older, the age-standardized prevalence of frailty is 15% and 4-year incidence of frailty is 7%. Regional differences in Slovenia show the lowest prevalence in central Slovenian regions and the highest in northeastern Slovenian regions.

Incidence of frailty and factors associated with functional deterioration in oldest old during the covid-19 pandemic: A cohort study

“…Nevertheless, a 2019 meta-analysis of individuals aged ≥60 years reported an annual frailty incidence of 4.0%, as measured using the Fried et al 18 criteria, with this rate rising to 7.0% when other frailty criteria were taken into account 21 . In another study 22 , also determining incidence but stratifying by age, the frailty rate was 22.6% in Europeans aged >85 years over a 4-year period, classified using criteria of Fried et al 18 . Hence, the frailty incidence found in the present study population was relatively high, given the short timeframe of only 15 months.…”

Incidência de fragilidade e fatores associados à piora funcional na pessoa idosa longeva durante pandemia da covid-19: Estudo de Coorte

“…No entanto, uma metanálise de 2019 com idosos a partir de 60 anos, evidenciou uma incidência de fragilidade anual de 4,0% segundo os critérios de Fried et al 18 e 7,0% quando outros critérios de fragilidade foram utilizados 21 . Outro estudo 22 que também avaliou a incidência, porém estratificada por faixa etária, demonstrou uma taxa de 22,6% de fragilidade em idosos acima de 85 anos na Europa em quatro anos, também avaliado segundo os critérios de Fried et al 18 . Assim, considera-se que a incidência de fragilidade na população estudada foi alta, pois foi evidenciada em somente 15 meses.…”

Frequency of out-of-pocket payment for healthcare: Age and sex differences

“…Globalno produženje života dovelo je do veće zastupljenosti bolesti i stanja u vezi sa starenjem (demencija, moždani udari, hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća i dijabetes) koja dovode do hronično smanjene aktivnosti starijih osoba (30,41,42). Ograničenje u svakodnevnim aktivnostima je bilo zastupljenije među ženama i kod osoba starijih od 65 godina (kod 40% starijih ispitanika) (43).…”

“…Ograničenje u svakodnevnim aktivnostima je bilo zastupljenije među ženama i kod osoba starijih od 65 godina (kod 40% starijih ispitanika) (43). Slabost povezana sa starenjem je češća kod starijih od 85 godina, kod žena, osoba sa lošijim zdravstvenim stanjem, osoba sa većim brojem hroničnih bolesti i kod onih koji su koristili veći broj lekova i koji su lošiji ocenili svoje zdravlje (41,44). Zaključak U zaključku, može se konstatovati da su prisutne razlike u učestalosti "plaćanja iz džepa" i finansijskog opterećenja usled plaćanja zdravstvene zaštite između muškaraca i žena starih 65 i više godina.…”