Introduction Frailty is recognized as one of the most important global health challenges as the population is aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence and incidence of frailty, and associated factors, among the population of older adults in Slovenia compared to other European countries. Methods The prevalence and 4-year incidence of frailty among older adults (≥65 years) were evaluated using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Frailty was defined by the SHARE operationalization of Frailty phenotype. Multiple logistic regression model was used to explore factors associated with frailty. Results Age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of frailty and pre-frailty in Slovenia were 14.9% (13.3-16.5) and 42.5% (39.8-45.2), respectively. Factors (OR, 95% CI) associated with increased frailty in Slovenia included age (7584 years: 5.03 (3.08-8.22); ≥85 years 21.7 (10.6-44.7) vs. 65-74 years), self-rated health (fair: 4.58 (2.75-7.61), poor: 54.6 (28.1-105.9) vs. excellent/very good/good), number of chronic diseases (1.20 (1.03-1.40)), and polypharmacy (yes: 3.25 (1.93-5.48) vs. no). Female gender and lower education were significantly associated with pre-frailty, but not frailty, in the adjusted model. Independently of these characteristics, age-standardized prevalence of frailty varied among geographical regions. Age-standardized 4-year incidence of frailty and pre-frailty in Slovenia were 6.6% (3.0-10.1) and 40.2% (32.7-47.6), respectively. Conclusion Among the Slovenian population of older adults aged 65 years and older, the age-standardized prevalence of frailty is 15% and 4-year incidence of frailty is 7%. Regional differences in Slovenia show the lowest prevalence in central Slovenian regions and the highest in northeastern Slovenian regions.

Although reliable data for dog population is essential for designing an effective strategy for rabies vaccination, it is difficult to precisely estimate the dog population, especially the stray dogs. This study estimated the dog population by census and capture-recapture method (CR), characterized dog population, described practicality and feasibility, and estimated the rabies vaccination coverage. Ten urban and rural areas in Lumlukka District, Pathum Thani Province were randomly selected. Results showed that stray dog population from census was lower than CR estimates in both urban and rural areas. The census showed that the majority of dogs were confined owned dogs in the urban area (70%) and unconfined owned dogs in the rural area (96%). The stray dog population from census was 8.0% in the urban and 4.4% in the rural areas. Rabies vaccination coverage among dogs in the urban was 84% and in the rural was 65%. Although CR method used less time and people than census, it was more complicated. The census method might underestimate the number of stray dogs while the CR failed to include the confined owned dogs. Therefore, the census method could be a preferable method to collect data of owned dogs and CR could provide a better estimate of stray dog population. Both methods could be used to monitor the rabies control program and plan for effective strategy to eradicate rabies in Thailand.