Prevalence and molecular distribution of Legionella pneumophila in cold water taps across Alborz province, Iran

Yaslianifard, Somayeh; Mohammadzadeh, Mohammad; Pourmand, Mohammad Reza; Yaslianifard, Sahar; Sepehr, Mohammad Noori; Arfaatabar, Maryam; Norouzi, Mehdi

doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2018.12.002

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Also, 60.8% of positive samples from water resources belonged to serogroup 1 in our study. Based on other reports from different regions of Iran, serogroup 1 is more frequently found in water resources (Moosavian et al 2019;Yaslianifard et al 2019), although it varies in other countries (Den Boer et al 2008;Harrison et al 2007). The distribution of legionella isolates may depend on the location and geographical area, as shown in a study from Korea (Lee et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Generally, water supply systems are an important source of infection. According to several reports from Iran, the prevalence of Legionella species in water resources is high, and L. pneumophila is the most prevalent species (Khaledi et al 2019;Yaslianifard et al 2019). The prevalence of this pathogen is estimated at 9.6% in Iranian clinical samples, ranging from 0.4 to 22.1% (Khaledi et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the incidence of legionellosis has been reported worldwide, its exact occurrence remains undetermined due to inappropriate monitoring of infected cases. Early diagnosis of this disease depends on the physician's increased awareness of the disease and availability of the required equipment for detection (Yaslianifard et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation between Legionella pneumophila serogroups isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and water resources: a study of four hospitals in Tehran, Iran

Sakhaee

Mafi

Zargar

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is one of the main pathogens, causing pneumonia and respiratory tract infections, especially in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study aimed to approve the hypothesis that the serogroup distribution of L. pneumophila isolates from patients is correlated with Legionella strains in the environment. A total of 280 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from VAP patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as 116 water samples from different sources in four hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were evaluated for the presence of L. pneumophila infection by culture, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and sequencing for genetic diversity. The molecular and culture methods found 24 (8.6%) and 5 (1.8%) samples to be positive for L. pneumophila in VAP patients, while they found 23 (19.8%) and 8 (6.9%) positive samples in water resources, respectively. The sequencing results indicated that all positive clinical samples and 14 (60.8%) environmental samples were belonged to L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Smoking, age, length of ICU stay, and duration of ventilator use had strong relationship with L. pneumophila infectivity. In conclusion, this is the first report from Iran to determine minor differences in the serogroup distribution of environmental and clinical strains. However, further studies are needed to confirm this relationship in different regions of Iran.Keywords Legionella pneumophila • Ventilator-associated pneumonia • Serogroup 1 • Water resources Abbreviations L. pneumophila Legionella pneumophila VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage ICU Intensive care unit PCR Polymerase chain reaction BCYE Buffered charcoal yeast extract DST Drug susceptibility test Mip MAcrophage infectivity potentiator DFA Direct fluorescent antibody

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation between Legionella pneumophila serogroups isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and water resources: a study of four hospitals in Tehran, Iran

Sakhaee

Mafi

Zargar

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…This was especially true for the articles published in the 1980s and 1990s ( Table S1 raw data). However, even in studies where the CLSI or EUCAST criteria were applied, the determination of antibiotic susceptibility was not defined ( Table S1 raw data; [ 12 , 67 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ]. In most articles, the authors preferred to comment on the activity of the tested antibiotics against the studied isolates rather than define the susceptibility against them ( Table S1 raw data; [ 96 , 100 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance of Legionella pneumophila in Clinical and Water Isolates—A Systematic Review

Παππά

Chochlakis

Sandalakis

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The current systematic review investigates the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Legionella pneumophila isolates from the 1980s to the present day, deriving data from clinical and/or water samples from studies carried out all over the world. Eighty-nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria, i.e., “Legionella pneumophila” and “resistance to antibiotics”, were evaluated according to pre-defined validity criteria. Sixty articles referred to clinical isolates, and 18 articles reported water-related L. pneumophila isolates, while 11 articles included both clinical and water isolates. Several methods have been proposed as suitable for the determination of MICs, such as the E-test, broth and agar dilution, and disk diffusion methods, in vivo and in vitro, using various media. The E-test method proposed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EUCAST) seems to be the second most frequently used method overall, but it is the preferred method in the most recent publications (2000–2019) for the interpretation criteria. Erythromycin has been proved to be the preference for resistance testing over the years. However, in the last 19 years, the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERM), levofloxacin (LEV) and azithromycin (AZM) were the ones that saw an increase in their use. A decrease in the sensitivity to antibiotics was identified in approximately half of the reviewed articles.

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“…10 In developed countries, C. jejuni is the leading cause of over 80% of food-borne diarrhea while in developing countries, most cases often remain unknown due to the lack of diagnostic methods. 11 Campylobacteriosis is usually detected in immunodeficient people because the bacteria are more pathogenic in these groups. 12 Unsanitary water is one of the main sources of the transmission of infection to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of Water Sources of Karaj Hospitals with Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni

Ghomimaghsad

Yaslianifard

Mohammadzadeh

et al. 2020

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: One of the most common routes of infection development in humans is contaminated water. Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni are the important causes of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia and gastroenteritis that are transmitted to humans via the inhalation of contaminated water droplets and consumption of contaminated water, respectively. Thus, continuous monitoring of the water supply systems for these pathogens has great importance in public health. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the water contamination of Karaj hospitals with these two bacterial species. Materials and Methods: In this study, 62 water samples were obtained from different parts of the hospitals of Karaj from April to September 2019, including air conditioning systems, dialysis equipment, ventilation tanks, and different wards of a hospital such as infectious diseases, pediatrics, gastroenterology, dialysis, and intensive and neonatal intensive care units. The samples were collected in sterile containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for further analysis. The culture on specific media, staining, and biochemical tests were performed to identify the L. pneumophila and C. jejuni. Results: Out of 62 water samples, 25.8% (16 samples) were positive for L. pneumophila; 68.75% were observed in hot water samples, and 31.25% were attributed to cold water samples. Among 62 samples, 4.84% (3 samples) were positive for C. jejuni, which were all detected in hot water samples. Conclusion: Considering that the methods of water refinery of municipal water have no high efficiency, the quality improvement of the water sources of hospitals seems to be necessary.

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Prevalence and molecular distribution of Legionella pneumophila in cold water taps across Alborz province, Iran

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Correlation between Legionella pneumophila serogroups isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and water resources: a study of four hospitals in Tehran, Iran

Correlation between Legionella pneumophila serogroups isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and water resources: a study of four hospitals in Tehran, Iran

Antibiotic Resistance of Legionella pneumophila in Clinical and Water Isolates—A Systematic Review

Contamination of Water Sources of Karaj Hospitals with Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni

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