Prevalence and risk factors associated with retinopathy in diabetic patients at Parirenyatwa Hospital outpatients’ clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide accounting for nearly 5% of all blindness. However, most of the prevalence and incidence data is from developed countries, with very limited information from sub-Saharan Africa. The study sought to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, retinopathy in diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus patients attending the outpatients' clinic at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals between October 2013 and July 2014 were recruited into this analytical cross-sectional study. Demographic information was collected. A nurse carried out anthropometric measurements. An ophthalmologist using slit lamp indirect ophthalmoscopy with a 20-diopter and a 90-diopter lens diagnosed retinopathy. Blood samples were collected and analysed for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin and serum creatinine. A total of 340 patients were enrolled into the study, of whom 73.2% were female. Mean (SD) age was 57.5 (14.9) years and there was no difference in age between females [57.6 (14.1) years] and males [57.2 (16.8) years]. The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 28.4%. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes mellitus (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, p value ˂ 0.001) and lower serum creatinine (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.97-1.00, p value 0.025). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 28.4%. Longer duration of diabetes mellitus and lower serum creatinine, which is a marker of renal damage, were independent risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.

Sight-threatening Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Risk Factors Among Adult Diabetes Patients at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

“…The overall prevalence of STDR among all adult diabetes patients attending at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia was found to be 13.70%. Our finding was in line with the findings of studies conducted in mainland China (12.6%), 20 Zimbabwe (11.40%), 21 and Uganda (14.6). 22 However, our finding was higher than findings reported from population-based studies in Singapore (8.90%) 23 and Zambia (5.5%).…”

<p>Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study</p>

“…The odds of developing DR among patients who had had DM >10 years (AOR 3.91, 95% CI 1.86_.23) were quadruple() those of their counterparts. This finding is in line with studies conducted in Armenia, 28 Beijing, 26 Iran, 32 Kenya, 39 Tanzania, 35 Zimbabwe, 29 Khartoum, 30 Arbamnech General Hospital, 27 and Jimma University Hospital. 31 The odds of developing DR among overweight/obese respondents were (AOR (95% CI3.74 (1.83,7.66) were about quadruple those of patients with normal body weight.…”

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia.&nbsp;

“…This nding was consistent with major global meta-analyses and most of the studies done in other African countries. [14][15][16]21,[25][26][27] The mean age of diabetes patients in this study was 55.4(±13.5) years which was higher than studies done in Ethiopia 5,6 and similar to studies done in other parts of the world. [14][15][16]21,26,27 However, the mean age of patients with DR (53.23 ± 13 years) was lower than those without DR (57.11 ± 13.67 years) in our study.…”

“…This is in line with the ndings reported from Cameroon, Zimbabwe and Kenya where no signi cant difference was noted in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy between the two groups. 15,16,21 Although there was no statistically signi cant difference between males and females in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, the prevalence was higher in males (46.7%) compared to females (35.6%). Similar nding was seen in the study done in Cameroon by Njikam E.J et.al in 2011 where the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in males and females were found to be 54.2% and 46.3% respectively, with no statistically signi cant association between diabetic retinopathy and gender.…”

“…The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in this study was 42.2% which is higher than most of the results of previous studies done in Ethiopia and other African countries. 5,6,8,[14][15][16][17][18] The high prevalence seen in our study could be due to the fact that the sample population was taken from a retina subspecialty clinic where most of the patients were referred from the medical diabetic clinic for visual complaints unlike the studies mentioned above which were done at medical diabetic clinics. Different sampling techniques, sample size and diagnostic method may have also contributed to this difference.…”