Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Exposure in Iranian Prisoners: A National Study in 2016

Moradi, Ghobad; Jafari, Saeede; Zarei, Bushra; Mahboobi, Marzieh; Zavareh, Fatemeh Azimian; Molaeipoor, Leila; Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad; Darvishi, Sonia; Aghasadeghi, Mohammad Reza; Tashakorian, Mehrzad; Gouya, Mohammad Mehdí

doi:10.5812/hepatmon.91129

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In this study, 24.5% of the high risk prisoners were infected with hepatitis C, which is much higher than the infection in the general population (0.3%). 3 It is different from a study conducted in 2016 in 10 provinces of Iran including Guilan which reported 8.21% prevalence in Iranian prisoners, 9 closer to an earlier systematic review published from studies between 2004-2016 with 28% prevalence, 7 and lower than another systematic review in MENA in which Iran had 37.8% anti-HCV seroprevalence among prisoners. 4 Also, new studies have reported very diverse HCV seroprevalence rates among prisoners in the world (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Prisoners in Lakan Prison, North of Iran, Is There Still a Concern?

Mohtasham-Amiri

Rezvani

Ashoori³

et al. 2021

Arch Iran Med

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Background: Hepatitis C is a major cause of liver failure and liver transplantation. The known risk factors of this disease include blood transfusion, injection drug use, high risk sexual behaviors, tattoos, and use of shared blades and syringes. Due to the higher risk of viral hepatitis among people in prison, this study was done to find the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and associated risk factors in Lakan Prison in Rasht. Methods: Prisoners in Lakan Prison underwent a cross-sectional study in 2018. A questionnaire containing demographic information and risk factors was distributed to the inmates and they were asked complete them. High-risk individuals were selected and a blood sample was taken and tested. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS18 software. Results: Out of 2215 prisoners, 1238 people had at least one risk factor, of whom 408 individuals were selected by random sampling. One hundred inmates were positive for anti-HCV antibody, yielding a prevalence of 24.5% (95% CI: 20.4%–28.7%) of whom 42.6% were people who injected drugs and 4 cases were found positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen, yielding a 1% prevalence (95% CI, 0.2%–2%.). A history of injecting drug use (OR 4.28, 95% CI: 2.55–7.17), and previous history of imprisonment (OR 2.94, 95% CI: 1.34–6.53) had association with HCV infection. Conclusion: The present study shows that hepatitis C is prevalent in prisons and preventive and screening programs should be implemented with necessary training for inmates.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…7 In another study conducted in 2016 among prisoners in 10 provinces of Iran, including Guilan, the prevalence of HCV antibodies was 8.21% (95% CI: 7.55-8.90). 9 These studies indicate a gradual reduction in HCV prevalence among prisoners in Iran.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Prisoners in Lakan Prison, North of Iran, Is There Still a Concern?

Mohtasham-Amiri

Rezvani

Ashoori³

et al. 2021

Arch Iran Med

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“…Moreover, a small number of scattered studies in Iran have been conducted on highrisk groups of the community. In a study in Iran, the prevalence of HBV infection among high-risk groups, including prisoners, was 3.06% [5]. On the other hand, a systematic review study showed that the prevalence of HCV infection among prisoners was 28% [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019

et al. 2021

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Introduction: To realize the global goals of eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, it is necessary to monitor the status of disease among target populations and undertake the required interventions. This study is the third round of surveys to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among incarcerated individuals in different provinces of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted in five provinces of Iran (including Kurdistan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, Markazi, and Semnan) in 2019. The subjects of the study were selected from incarcerated people in prisons of all provinces that had not been studied in the previous two rounds of the surveys (in 2015 and 2016) in Iran. In this study, 15 prisons were selected and 2475 incarcerated individuals were enrolled into the study based on the multistage sampling method; the selected subjects were surveyed and their dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected to test HBsAg and HCV-Ab. In cases with a reactive result for HCV-Ab, an HCV-RNA test was also performed on their serum samples. The relationships between independent variables and outcomes were evaluated via logistic regression. Results: Of all participants (2475 subjects) enrolled in the study, 54.18% were selected from northern provinces and 45.82% from the central provinces. The prevalence of HCV-Ab and HBsAg among incarcerated individuals was 5.66% (95% CI: 4.81% to 6.64%) and 2.42% (95% CI: 1.89% to 3.11%), respectively. Among HCV-seropositive individuals, 73.68% (95% CI: 64.70% to 81.01%) had current HCV infection (detectable HCV-RNA). The results showed that histories of imprisonment, drug use, unprotected sexual contact, drug injection, tattooing, and younger age in the first-time drug use in incarcerated individuals significantly increased the risk of HCV transmission. Among these behaviors, drug injection was more likely than other behaviors to result in contracting HCV in incarcerated individuals (OR: 22.91; 95% CI: 14.92–35.18; p < 0.001). Conclusion: To achieve international and national strategies targeted to eliminate HCV and HBV by 2030, it is necessary to pay special attention to prisons in Iran. It is recommended to continue HBV vaccination of eligible people in prisons. Developing screening and treatment protocols for individuals with HCV infection in prisons can help the country to achieve HCV elimination goals.

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“…The present cross-sectional study is part of a series of reiterating biobehavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs) of HBV and HCV among Iranian prisoners that were carried out in 2015 and 2016. The methodology of BBSSs was the same in both periods and is presented in comprehensively published BBSSs (12,17), however, a summary is provided below. The statistical population included all Iranian prisoners who were in prison at the time of the study.…”

Section: Data Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: a cross sectional study

Moradi

Mohamadi

Zareie

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among incarcerated people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran during 2015-16. Methods : The required data was collected from a database provided by Iranian national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs) of 11988 prisoners who were selected using multi-stage sampling method from among 55 prisons in 19 provinces during 2015-16. The data on demographics and behavioral status of subjects were collected through interviews and the status of HBV and HCV exposure were determined using ELISA blood test. A total of 1387 individuals with a lifetime history of drug injection were enrolled into the study. Data were analyzed using the survey package in Stata/SE 14.0. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Results : The mean age of the incarcerated PWID was 36.83 ± 8.13 years. Of all, 98.46% were male and 50.97% were married. The prevalence of HCV and HBV were 40.52% and 2.46%, respectively. HCV prevalence was associated with age≥30 years, being single, illiteracy and low level of education, prison term>5 years, history of piercing, and extramarital sex in a lifetime (P<0.05). Conclusions : The prevalence of HCV is alarmingly high. In general, it is recommended to adopt measures for HCV screening and treatment and HBV vaccination for incarcerated PWID without a history of vaccination.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Exposure in Iranian Prisoners: A National Study in 2016

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Prisoners in Lakan Prison, North of Iran, Is There Still a Concern?

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus among Prisoners in Lakan Prison, North of Iran, Is There Still a Concern?

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Incarcerated Individuals in Iran: A Cross-Sectional National Bio-behavioral Study in 2019

Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: a cross sectional study

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