Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Haftom, Mekonnen; Petrucka, Pammla; Gemechu, Kbrom; Nesro, Jemila; Amare, Embay; Hailu, Tsegu; Ashebir, Yohannes; Gebreheat, Gdiom; Hagos, Haftea; Gebremedhin, Destaalem; Gebremariam, Abebe

doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00361-y

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Major ecological changes like urbanization, deforestation and other environmental activities are contributed to the global distribution of leishmaniasis ( Leishmaniasis Key facts [Internet], 2020 ; Rachel Tidman et al, 2021 ; Caldart et al, 2021 ). In Ethiopia, the prevalence of leishmaniasis was estimated to be 9.13% ( Haftom et al, 2020 ) and in 2019, about 1665 cases of CL were reported to World Health Organization (WHO) ( Leishmaniasis: status of endemicity of Cutaneous leishmaniasis 2019 [Internet], 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude and prevention measures of students towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia

Dires

Kumar²,

Gedamu³

et al. 2022

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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Background and aims Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease which causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the main form of leishmaniasis that affects the skin. Knowledge and perception of people about leishmaniasis has a great impact to prevent the disease in endemic areas. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and preventive measures of Wegeltena secondary school students towards CL in Delanta district, one of the endemic areas in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 4 to 20, 2021 at Wegeltena secondary school in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia. A pre-tested, interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was utilized to measure the degree of association between outcome and independent variables. Statistically significant association with the outcome variables was declared at a p -value of <0.05. Results A total of 388 students were participated in the study. In overall, 27.6% and 34.5% of participants had good knowledge and favorable attitude towards CL, respectively. Being grade 12 (AOR = 2.56; 95% CI: 1.23–5.29) and dwelling in urban areas (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.09–2.89) were determinants of good knowledge. However, female sex (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.21–3.18) and had good knowledge about CL (AOR = 3.75; 95% CI: 2.26–6.21) were significantly associated with favorable attitude of respondents towards the disease. Conclusion In this study , nearly three-fourth of participants had poor knowledge about CL and two-third of them had unfavorable attitude towards the disease. Level of education and residence were determinants of respondents' knowledge about CL. Moreover, sex and level of knowledge about CL were determinants of respondents' attitude towards the disease. Therefore, an intensified health education program shall be implemented in schools that are found in endemic areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude and prevention measures of students towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia

Dires

Kumar²,

Gedamu³

et al. 2022

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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“…Assefa (2018), in Ethiopia, found almost the same result 21% (95%CI: 15%-27%)[ 44 ]. However, another Ethiopian study in 2021 found a lower result 9.13% (95%CI: 5-13.27)[ 45 ]. This difference between the two Ethiopian studies may be large because of the difference in the number of included studies between them, which was 27 and 11, for Assefa[ 44 ], 2018, and Haftom et al [ 45 ], 2021, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, another Ethiopian study in 2021 found a lower result 9.13% (95%CI: 5-13.27)[ 45 ]. This difference between the two Ethiopian studies may be large because of the difference in the number of included studies between them, which was 27 and 11, for Assefa[ 44 ], 2018, and Haftom et al [ 45 ], 2021, respectively. Although both Ethiopia and Sudan are endemic countries, the overall prevalence showed a clear discrepancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Ahmed¹,

Abdullah²,

Bello³

et al. 2022

WJM

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BACKGROUND There are three main forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The prevalence of human leishmaniasis varies widely in different countries and different regions of the same country. To date, there is no overall estimation of the prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan. AIM To determine the pooled prevalence of human leishmaniasis and the disease risk factors among Sudanese citizens. METHODS From all articles written in English or Arabic languages conducted before the 4th of August 2021 from [Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and MEDLINE, African Journals Online (AJOL), ResearchGate, direct Google search, Google Scholar, and universities websites], just 20 articles with a total of 230960 participants were eligible for this study. Data synthesis and analysis were done using STATA software, version 16. EndNote citation manager version X9.3.3 and Reference Citation Analysis ( RCA ) were used to remove the duplicated studies and manage the citation respectively. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan was 21% (with confidence interval 12%-30%). CL was the most common type of leishmaniasis in Sudan, with a pooled prevalence of 26% followed by VL (18%). Nevertheless, the pooled prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan was higher in males compared with females (60% vs 40%). The current results revealed that the people in the age group between 15 and 44 were the most affected group (60%), and central Sudan has the highest pooled prevalence of human leishmaniasis (27%) compared with other regions of Sudan. Finally, the prevalence of human leishmaniasis seems to decrease with time. CONCLUSION This study showed that human leishmaniasis infection is still endemic in many regions in Sudan and highly prevalent in central and eastern Sudan, and CL is the most prevalent in the country. Males and adults were more susceptible to infection compared with females and children. However, the human leishmaniasis prevalence decreased relatively over time.

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“…Visceral leishmaniasis is considered most lethal among all the forms with over 95% fatality rate if untreated and second most killer parasitic disease after malaria [4, 7,8]. Although only 25-45% of the incidents are reported, visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in over hundred countries worldwide and more than ninety percent of the cases occur in ten countries mainly in Eastern Africa, South-East Asia region, and Brazil [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leishmaniasis has four major disease forms which range from simple skin lesions to fatal systemic infection and include: cutaneous form, visceral form, muco - cutaneous form, and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis form [5,6]. Visceral leishmaniasis is considered most lethal among all the forms with over 95% fatality rate if untreated and second most killer parasitic disease after malaria [4,7,8]. Although only 25 - 45% of the incidents are reported, visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in over hundred countries worldwide and more than ninety percent of the cases occur in ten countries mainly in Eastern Africa, South-East Asia region, and Brazil [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and environmental influence on visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot county, Kenya

Abdullahi

Mutiso

Maloba

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species transmitted by sand fly. In Kenya, kala-azar is endemic in thirty sub-counties spread over in eleven counties in the arid zones. Climate change-influenced seasonal weather variability and environmental alterations remain important determinants of many vector-borne diseases. The present study focused on climate change and environmental influence on kala-azar in West Pokot. Descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective research design was adapted. Study area was purposively selected. Locations and villages were randomly selected, while households were systematically selected. Three hundred sixty three household questionnaires, eleven key informant interviews, and five focus group discussions were undertaken. Secondary data was obtained from Kacheliba sub-county hospital records. Statistical package for social science version 24 was used to analyze quantitative data while NVivo software was used to analyse qualitative data. Kala-azar cases have been on the rise on aggregate from 2010 to 2020, 400 to 500 annual average cases, and incident rate tends to surge during dry season and just after the rains when humidity is high and temperature variations are wide. Significant environmental characteristics associated with risk of kala-azar infection included: presences of seasonal rain water pathways and rock piles around houses (X2= 30.706, df=1, p<0.001); presence of acacia trees in and around homesteads (X2=21.404, df=1, p<0.001); presence of dumping site (X2=9.641, df=1, p=0.002); presence of anthills around the homesteads (X2=16.538, df=1, p<0.001); presence of animal shed (X2=4.290, df=1, p=0.038); presences of chicken shelter (X2=36.862, df=1, p<0.001); and practices of frequently moving houses to new temporary compound (X2=20.919, df=1, p<0.001). Climate change-induced seasonal weather variability; increased temperature and reduced precipitation and environmental alterations remain significant predictors of kala-azar in West Pokot. Community sensitization on disease prevalence, clearing of vector predilection sites and improving community environmental risk perception are imperative to promote prevention and reduce disease burden.Brief summaryClimate change and environmental alteration influence on vector-borne diseases is getting stronger as ever increasing global temperatures and human activity-induced environmental changes remain key drivers of vector expansion and disease re-emergence. In Kenya, kala-azar cases are on an increasing trend as annual incidents surpassed 1,500 with a growing list of over eleven endemic counties. The present study used household questionnaire, interrogated surrounding environment using observation checklist and delved into Kacheliba hospital records. Risk of kala-azar was significant in association with presence of seasonal water pathways, presence of acacia trees, anthills, cattle & goat and chicken shelters around houses. On aggregate, kala-azar incident rate was increasing from 2010 to 2020, and cases tend to surge towards end of first and start of last quarter annually. These surge periods coincide with dry season and just after rains in the area when the humidity is high. Apparently during the last 10 years there seems reduced precipitation and increase temperature. Interestingly, increased in temperature and reduced precipitation was associated with increased reported Kala-zar cases. Policy makers and concerned agencies should consider promoting preventive behaviors, increasing community risk perception and eliminating vector-harboring structures around houses, while observing environmental conservation as a disease mitigation strategy.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Knowledge, attitude and prevention measures of students towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia

Knowledge, attitude and prevention measures of students towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in Delanta district, Northeast Ethiopia

Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Climate change and environmental influence on visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot county, Kenya

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