Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency in Healthy Young Children in the Southwestern Netherlands

Uijterschout, Lieke; Vloemans, J.; Vos, Rimke C.; Teunisse, Peter-Paul; Hudig, Cisca; Bubbers, S.; Verbruggen, Sascha; Veldhorst, Margriet A. B.; Leeuw, Tom de; Goudoever, Johannes B. van; Brus, F

doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000216

Cited by 36 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Among children aged 1 to 3 years, 13% of children who received formula were iron deficient, whereas among children not receiving formula, 30.5% were iron deficient. The intake of >400 ml of cow's milk per day occurred significantly and more frequently in children with ID than in those without ID [67]. Other studies including children conducted in Albania [53], Greece [56], Iceland [58] and the United Kingdom [62] found similar prevalence rates of ID from 27 to 48%.…”

Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Twenty-two studies reported on ID prevalence estimates [24,32,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67], of which 15 studies showed results for infants (6-12 months of age) [24,32,48,49,50,51,52,55,57,59,60,61,63,64,67]. …”

Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vincelet et al categorized 16 to 18 month old children into groups based on their current milk consumption and found that ID was present in 27, 44-59 and 85% of children who predominantly consumed formula milk, cow's milk and human milk, respectively [54]. In the Netherlands, the use of formula and the visit of preschool/day care were associated with a lower prevalence of ID [67]. Among children aged 1 to 3 years, 13% of children who received formula were iron deficient, whereas among children not receiving formula, 30.5% were iron deficient.…”

Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

et al. 2015

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Background: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of iron deficiency because of their rapidly developing brain. This review evaluates the prevalence of inadequate iron intake and iron deficiency (anaemia) in European children aged 6-36 months. Summary: Computerized searches for relevant articles were performed in November 2013. A total of 7,297 citations were screened and 44 studies conducted in 19 European countries were included in this review. In both infants (6-12 months) and young children (12-36 months), the mean value of iron intakes in most countries was close to the RDA. Nevertheless, proportions of inadequate intakes were considerable, ranging from about 10% in the Netherlands up to 50% in Austria, Finland and the United Kingdom. The prevalence of iron deficiency varied between studies and was influenced by children's characteristics. Two to 25% of infants aged 6-12 months were found to be iron deficient, with a higher prevalence in those who were socially vulnerable and those who were drinking cow's milk as a main type of drink in their first year of life. In children aged 12-36 months, prevalence rates of iron deficiency varied between 3 and 48%. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in both age groups was high in Eastern Europe, as high as 50%, whereas the prevalence in Western Europe was generally below 5%. Key Messages: In most European countries, mean iron intakes of infants and children aged 6 to 36 months were found to be close to the RDA. Nevertheless, high proportions of inadequate intakes and high prevalence rates of iron deficiency were observed. Health programs should (keep) focus(ing) on iron malnutrition by educating parents on food choices for their children with iron-rich and iron-fortified foods, and encourage iron supplementation programmes where iron intakes are the lowest.

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Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iron Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

et al. 2015

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“…Children referred for adenotomy or tonsillectomy were not included because the prevalence of upper airway infections in these children is high. Exclusion criteria were known infection in the last 4 wk, use of iron supplementation within the last 6 wk, blood transfusion within the last 6 mo, preterm birth before 32 wk gestational age (GA), known hemoglobinopathies, oncologic disorders, multiple congenital malformations and metabolic diseases as described previously (25). The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of South-West Holland.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We included 400 children aged 0.5-3 y undergoing general anesthesia because of simple elective surgery or diagnostic procedure in two different hospitals in the Southwestern region of the Netherlands between August 2011 and May 2012 (25). This was originally a crosssectional study on prevalence and risk factors of ID.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum hepcidin measured by immunochemical and mass-spectrometric methods and their correlation with iron status indicators in healthy children aged 0.5–3 y

et al. 2014

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Background:The diagnostic use of hepcidin is limited by the absence of standardization and lack of age-specific reference ranges in children in particular. The aim of this study was to determine reference ranges of serum hepcidin in healthy children aged 0.5-3 y using mass spectometry (MS) and a commercial immunochemical (IC) assay, and to investigate its association with other indicators of iron status and inflammation. Methods: We included 400 healthy children aged 0.5-3 y. We constructed reference ranges for MS-hepcidin and IC-hepcidin concentrations using the median, P2.5, and P97.5 in a normative population of 219 children with no anemia, no infection and/or inflammation, and no iron deficiency. results: Median concentrations (P2.5-P97.5) of MS-hepcidin and IC-hepcidin were 3.6 nmol/l (0.6-13.9 nmol/l) and 7.9 nmol/l (1.9-28.6 nmol/l), respectively. We found a good correlation between both methods. However, MS-hepcidin was consistently lower than IC-hepcidin. Hepcidin correlated with ferritin and C-reactive protein. conclusion: We provide reference ranges for hepcidin for an MS and commercial IC method. Absolute values between assays differed significantly, but hepcidin concentrations obtained by MS and IC methods correlate with each other, and both correlate with ferritin and CRP.

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Micronutrient intakes in the Dutch diet: foods, fortified foods and supplements in a cross sectional study

Bird¹,

Bruins

Turini

2023

Eur J Nutr

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Purpose This study investigates intakes of risk micronutrients from non-fortified foods, fortified foods and food supplements in different age and gender sub-groups of the Dutch population. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (DNFCS 2012–2016, N = 4313, 1–79 years). The proportion of the population with Habitual Intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and above the Upper Level (UL) for calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin D and vitamin E from non-fortified foods, fortified foods and total intake including food supplements was calculated using Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure (SPADE). Results More than 50% of the population had an intake below the EAR for calcium, iron, vitamin D and folate. Intakes were inadequate for certain sub-groups for the other vitamins and minerals. Adolescents and women were the population sub-groups most likely to have an intake below the EAR. For zinc, vitamin A and folic acid, more than 1% of toddlers exceeded the UL from the total intake. A negligible proportion exceeded the UL for the other vitamins and minerals. Conclusion Inadequate intakes were found for several micronutrients in various population sub-groups despite an apparently well-nourished population. Intakes of zinc, folic acid and vitamin A from food supplements in toddlers and preschoolers should be investigated further to ensure they do not exceed recommended amounts. These results can be used to inform policy makers and to design nutritional interventions to improve micronutrient intakes in the Netherlands.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency in Healthy Young Children in the Southwestern Netherlands

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

Iron Intake and Status of Children Aged 6-36 Months in Europe: A Systematic Review

Serum hepcidin measured by immunochemical and mass-spectrometric methods and their correlation with iron status indicators in healthy children aged 0.5–3 y

Micronutrient intakes in the Dutch diet: foods, fortified foods and supplements in a cross sectional study

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